Positive Impacts on Tourism during the Fifa 208 in Russia in Coursework

Positive Impacts on Tourism during the Fifa 208 in Russia in cordiality organizations - Coursework Example A 2018 world cup advantage the friendliness business of Russia is one of those nations profiting by the travel industry and in 2018 FIFA world cup, it will encounter anomalous returns in its cordiality industry since it is relied upon to record the most noteworthy number of voyagers ever (Kusluvan, 2003). In this manner, Russia will profit in such ways as, it will wind up with 15 world-class arenas after the occasion; more than one hundred lodgings are as of now under development suggesting development of the neighborliness business and increment of income, which will at last lift the GDP of the nation. Let’s experience what occurred in Brazil during the 2014 FIFA world cup. Brazil neighborliness industry recorded increments in its inn incomes (Siobhan, 2014). The all out spending hit records in Brazil when worldwide explorers burned through US$188M on Visa accounts. This was a 152 percent expansion year over year meaning the quantity of fans likewise expanded contrasted with the past figure of 2010 FIFA world cup in south Africa (Du and Maennig, 2011). There was a triple-digit ascend in spending in different host urban areas contrasted with the past period. Quite a bit of these additions were recorded by lodgings, medical clinics and other human-caring offices. For example, the quantity of sightseers who showed up in Brazil in 2012 was 5.7 million yet it was anticipated that the number would be 10.2 million with a 3% expansion for Rio 2014. In this way, given the normal for example room pace of $461 during the long periods of June and July, it is assessed that $4.7022 income will be gathered. Without a doubt, lodgings incredibly advantage when the quantity of visitors in a surrendered nation goes. This is on the grounds that it is unavoidable to eat and locate a decent resting spot to go through the night while anticipating the accompanying day’s exercises. Rio de Janeiro, one of the FIFA facilitating urban areas in Brazil, recorded attractive accommodation incomes in its history on account of holding the FIFA world cup last match. Settlement turned out being an issue

Busi 650-ILP Final Essay

Chapter by chapter list I. Unique II. Hierarchical Setting III. Key Concepts a. Quality b. All out Quality Management c. Advancement d. System Map e. Adjusted Scorecard f. Six Sigma g. Seat Marking h. Stock Management IV. End V. References Unique The principle motivation behind the Integrative Learning Project (ILP) is to present a bona fide or manufactured organization/industry to inquire about. The company’s authoritative setting incorporates the statement of purpose of the organization, who the inward/outside clients are, what viewpoints can be added to accomplish the associations strategic, what job Christianity has with the association. The exploration incorporates utilizing eight unique ideas learned all through the course, clarifying in detail how these ideas identify with the association and the advantages the ideas offer to the association, and what should be done to execute these ideas into the organizationâ successfully. This ILP will demonstrate that a fruitful business can be run successfully and effectively while executing the key ideas. Hierarchical Setting Dover Saddlery, Inc. is a main claim to fame retailer in the English-style horseback riding industry in the United States. The organization offers an enormous determination of value and premium equestrian items to think about, ride, train, and contend a pony. Established in 1975 by Jim and David Powers, the organization has become the biggest multi-channel advertiser of chief equestrian items by selling through direct and retail deals. The organization serves the English rider through Dover Saddlery and the western rider through Smith Brothers. The organization sells their items utilizing indexes, the web, and retail locations. The product offering incorporates an assortment of things, for example, tack, horse garments, horse wellbeing, footwear, and specific attire. Dover Saddlery, Inc. is headquartered in Littleton, MA, including a distribution center and call focus office. The organization has 18 retail stores in Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minn esota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and Virginia. The company’s second from last quarter 2013 complete incomes were $63.6 million, a 6.4% expansion from the $59.7 million accomplished in the relating time frame. Dover Saddlery, Inc. stock exchanges on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the image DOVR. The company’s mission is to develop the business by giving an expansive assortment of value and most progressive equestrian attire, gear, stable, and pony care items to all equestrians, while working proficiently and being gainful. The organization conveys 5,800 things containing roughly 28,000 distinctive SKU’s. The organization conveys passage level value focuses to the top notch top of the line value focuses to meet the wide scope of client needs and desires. The organization conveys a particular and wide choice of need-based and top notch items at serious costs with brief request satisfaction capacity. The organization separates itself from contenders by their enormous stock comprising of non-marked items, private name items, and premium brands. The present equestrian items showcase isâ estimated by the American Horse Council at $7.6 billion with an expected 9.2 millions ponies in the United States. American Sports Data evaluates that over 16.8 million individuals ride ponies. The equestrian business has numerous markers that the equestrian items industry will keep on developing. The organization is known for their greatness in client support and enormous complete determination. The organization advances a culture of affable, educated, and brief client assistance agents. 90% of the deals and client assistance delegates are horse devotee. The organization offers clients a 100% fulfillment ensure. The organization has one of the biggest itemized client databases. The database comprises of clients that have bought things with the most recent a year and their segment data. The utilization of the list, web, and retail locations has empowered the organization to catch client data, cross-advertise items, and give a helpful shopping experience to clients. The company’s clients are fundamentally females with an enthusiasm for the riding sport. The clients are well-off and extravagance arranged who will in general decide to purchase from the organization for the high caliber and head items. The client base shows high repurchase rates and has been extremely stead fast clients. The job Christianity has in this association is client care is fundamental and Matthew 10:31 states, â€Å"Fear not, subsequently; you are more an incentive than numerous sparrows† (ESV). In the administration business, consumer loyalty is critical and the organization needs to enlist the opportune individuals and prize them for there ability. Colossians 3:23-24 states, â€Å"23 Whatever you do, work at it with your entire being, as working for the Lord, not for human bosses, 24 since you realize that you will get a legacy from the Lord as a prize. It is the Lord Christ you are serving† (New International Version). Another stanza that can be applied in this association is 1 Peter 4:10, â€Å"As every ha got a blessing, use it to serve each other, as great stewards of God’s differed grace†. The organization utilizes the endowments God gives us and give them to purchasers to profit by. The job of Christianity assumes an incredible job in this organization. Key Concepts The primary key idea that is appropriate to Dover Saddlery is Quality. Quality hugy affects the nature of items and the accomplishment of the association. As indicated by Dinh, Igel, and Laosirihongthong (2010), â€Å"quality, thought about a key factor in making business progress, is like never before required for contending effectively in today’s worldwide commercial center and it has become the key trademark as associations make progress toward an upper hand in business sectors portrayed by advancement, globalization, and learned customers† (p. 931). The structure and execution of the item are two significant ideas of value. Quality should begin with the client, the experience the client has with the item or administration will affect the customer’s fulfillment with the complete understanding. The administration and control of the nature of the items and administrations is critical to the achievement of the association. It is significant for associations to ac tualize a quality affirmation program (QAP) to guarantee the nature of the items and administrations. As indicated by Rouse (2007): In creating items and administrations, quality confirmation is any efficient procedure of verifying whether an item or administration being created is meeting determined necessities. Numerous organizations have a different office committed to quality affirmation. A quality confirmation framework is said to build client certainty and a company’s validity, to improve work procedures and effectiveness, and to empower an organization to all the more likely contend with others. Quality confirmation was at first presented in World War II when weapons were examined and tried for deserts after they were made. Today’s quality confirmation frameworks stress getting surrenders before they get into the last item (Quality Assurance). There are numerous favorable circumstances for the organization to have a QAP set up, incorporate an upper hand, increme nt in deals and piece of the overall industry, expanded consumer loyalty, better administration control, obviously characterized hierarchical undertakings, structure, and duties, progressively viable reviews, and value premium (Aramyan, Meuwissen, Oude Lansink, van der Vorst, van Kooten, and van der Lans, 2009, p. 624). As per Yang (2006) â€Å"several concentrates on quality administration have shown that conveying unrivaled assistance quality upgrades efficiency, decreases costs, expands client dedication, improves piece of the pie, and carries other general advantages to a help association (p.1129). The QAP satisfies the needsâ and desires for the clients and improves the nature of the items and administrations. The second key idea that is material to the organization is complete quality administration (TQM). As indicated by Richards (2012), TQM can be characterized as an integrative way to deal with the board that underpins the achievement of consumer loyalty through a wide assortment of devices and procedures that the final product is higher caliber of merchandise and ventures (p. 37). TQM is a hierarchical wide idea of persistent improvement to guarantee the items and administrations surpass their customers’ desires. As indicated by Richards (2012), â€Å"this sort of value the executives requires the organization to consistently check to ensure that item or administration is at the standard that both the organization and client needs is maintained† (p. 37). Surpassing the interior and outer clients fulfillment is a key focal point of TQM. As indicated by Talib, et al. (2011), TQM â€Å"has got an incredible consideration because of its viability in accomplishing supportabl e upper hand and upgraded business performance† (p. 1331). TQM is â€Å"a complete gander at the nature of the organization† (Richards, 2012, p. 41). â€Å"All administration businesses should look to receive and execute TQM with the goal that proactive recognizable proof and reaction to required changes can prompt consistent improvement† (Talib, et al. 2011). â€Å"Quality-cognizant organizations typically have a solid quality culture, which is useful for accomplishing client satisfaction† (Delgado-Hernandez and Aspinwall, 2008, p.1016). The act of TQM can grow an organization to have a supportable favorable position in nearby and worldwide markets (Richards, 2012, p. 36). The third key idea that is material to the organization is development. â€Å"In the advanced business world, development is similarly as significant as quality, so they should go hand and hand and one supplements each otherâ€?

More Notes From The UK

More Notes From The UK [by Mirat Shah 08] Currently in Cambridge, it is 50 degrees F and not only is the sun shining, the flowers are also blooming. Daffodils have sprung with a vengeance, and yesterday, what I thought was flurries turned out to be apple blossom petals. Last week was Bumps week, which is a huge rowing tournament. Each college has several mens and womens boats participating and there are about 30 colleges, so many, many boats. Boats are staggered along the river and are disqualified if/when the boat behind them catches up to them (bumps them). The first boat across the finish line wins as usual. More on that in my next entry. I promised last entry to comment on academics at Cambridge versus MIT. Note that my account is only applicable to my own department (materials science and metallurgy). I am finding that Cambridge is much more concerned with theory and MIT is more concerned with applications. For example, at Cambridge, you would study crystallization temperature and glass transition point by learning exactly how their graphs are derived, and probably plenty of formulas. At MIT, you would get a more condensed summary of this theory, but then learn that it is the difference between crystallization and glass transition temperatures that allow you to burn information onto a CD. In general, I prefer MITs style because I prefer seeing the bigger picture. However, I am glad to be getting a taste of both because I do now have a more solid theoretical background. In many supervisions, a professor questions you for an hour about what steps you are taking to solve a problem and what equations those steps require or to rationalize a relationship in an equation, and you have to be on your toes. Something I like about the Cambridge system is the lecture course format. Our lecture course is split into modules of 6-12 lectures each, so if you really dont like a subject or professor, at least you dont have to put up with it for very long. Also, it really helps to organize the subject matter. Something I miss about MIT is the lab work. Last year my labs included learning to use many machines and microscopes including a scanning electron microscope and an x-ray diffractometer, characterizing quantum dots, making battery cells, and even testing the results of a Nature article. This year, the lab experience is much lamer. This week, I am learning atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is really cool, but its the only really cool thing Ill get to do all year. As a side note, AFM is incredible because it lets you see individual atoms. My lab partner and I were getting bored waiting for a scan to complete when our supervisor commented that although sometimes its boring, she then thinks Oh wait, Im looking at atoms. Thats amazing! And now, because I couldnt really organize my thoughts, this is a mini photo essay of whats been going on over the past couple of weeks. [] Emmanuel College with snow. A couple weeks ago, it finally snowed! This is the front court of Emmanuel College in snow, with a snowman on our Fellows lawn. Lowly undergrads are not supposed to walk on this lawn. For some reason, this rule gets broken whenever enough snow falls to make a snowman, and no one seems to mind. [] Punting with the Bridge of Sighs in the background. I finally went punting on the River Cam. Punting involves using a gigantic pole to push off of the bottom of the river to propel your boat forward. It is much harder than it looks. According to Great Britain guidebooks, punting along the backs (backs of colleges) at Cambridge is a top England experience. It was pretty fun until I asked to try and a. was terrible (we went in zigzags and then circles), and b. was learning right underneath the Bridge of Sighs (named after the one in Venice). This bridge was full of tourist families, and they were all watching our punt. Some young children were actually pointing, laughing, and commenting that we looked silly. Oh well. And random side note: my friend Rachel is the only person I know in Cambridge with her hair died a crazy color. Things like that definitely happen more often at MIT. [] In the CUR1350 studio I have a show on the Cambridge University radio station, CUR1350. Its called The Eclectics because my co-hosts and I did not know each other until we decided to host a radio show together last term. We get along great now (or know how to fake it with lively on-air banter). No, we really are all friends now. At first, I was disappointed because the record library is much smaller than WMBRs (MIT-Cambridge radio station). However, CUR1350 teaches you a lot more about production, so your show sounds very professional on air. [] An elderly couple taking a picture of Ely Cathedral. Ely is a village town close to Cambridge known for its massive medieval cathedral. We visited it one Saturday, and it was fun wandering around. We ended up at an antique store run by a really gregarious (and probably lonely) elderly lady who was showing us things of interest that we obviously couldnt afford. Most of the things had to do with British history or authors, but then she pointed to an enormous stein with the United States seal of a bald eagle on it and asked us if we recognized the seal. Without thinking, my friend Cassi answered no. It was embarrassing. [] Transporting the dishes home. Also in Ely, I discovered Oxfam, which is officially my favorite store in the UK. I was sad because no one seems to shop at thrift stores in Cambridge, and I miss the Garment District in Cambridge, MA. (The Garment District is an immense thrift/vintage store which is good for finding Halloween costumes and other clothes. Also, they have a Dollar a Pound clothing section which is exactly what it sounds like.) Cassi bought an entire set of dishes (30 pieces or more) for 2.99 and I found an amazing sweater and adorable teacups with pagodas on them. [][] Atop the tower St. Johns tower is the highest vantage point in Cambridge. The spiral staircase is pretty long and claustrophobia inducing. But the view from the top is definitely worth it. [] View from top

Reagan s Scandal Of The Iran Contra Scandal - 918 Words

Vanessa Acheampong-Tieku US History B Band Due: Tuesday May 31, 2016 11th grade History PBA Reagan’s Scandal of the Iran Contra Scandal: Detecting Brave Politics and testing boundaries Question: Did President Ronald Reagan know about the decision by White House aide Oliver North and National Security Advisor John Poindexter to divert profits from sales to Iran to buy weapons for rebels? Why did President Ronald Reagan change his opinions about his knowledge of his role in the Iran Contra Scandal? Almost twenty years after the notorious Watergate scandal, the Iran Contra Affair took the nation by storm in the 1980s. It was a grand plan that violated American law and policy altogether as it undermined the public trust in government†¦show more content†¦From 1936 until 1979, Nicaragua was ruled by two dictators, Somoza Garcia and his son Anastasio Somoza Debayle until the Sandinista rebels seized power in 1979. The new regime sparked unpopular remarks among the Nicaraguans, giving rise to a counter-revolution, who later became known as the Contras. Because of the new regime’s support towards the Soviet stance, the Reagan administration decided to support the Contras and provide them with financial and material support. The year 1979 also witnessed the overthrow of Iran’s authoritarian ruler, Mohammad Raza Shah Pehlavi, commonly known as Shah. Shah’s relationship with the U.S. flourished over time as his government grew increasingly pro-Western as it sought to modernize the country and burnish its international image. However, as Shah’s relationship with the U.S. strengthened and his international profile grew, many of his own people grew dissatisfied with his leadership. In 1978, riots and demonstrations broke out across the country, and by 1979 these protests increased in frequency, power, and violence. Mohammad Raza Shah Pehlavi secular and U.S friendly government was replaced by fundamentalist radical, Ayatollah Khomeini. While Khomeini tried to break all ties with the U.S, the U.S. quickly tried to improve their relations with the new government. Iran was a key ally needed in the Middle East as it played a

A Short History Of Confucianism And Confucianism - 1196 Words

Daniel Meltzer ASST 101 Professor Dimick 23 November 2014 A Short History of Confucianism Confucianism is a way of life propagated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE, and it has been followed by the Chinese for more than 2000 years. Although Confucianism as changed over time, at its core, it is still places the same emphasis on the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese. Additionally, the influence of Confucianism has extended to other countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. While Confucianism is sometimes viewed as a philosophy or religion, Confucianism is probably best understood as a sort of all-encompassing way of thinking and living, which includes such practices as: ancestor reverence and human-centered religiousness over that of the environment. While people all over Asia can argue that they are Shintoists, Daoists, Buddhists, Muslims, or Christians, but, by announcing their religious affiliations, very rarely do they stop practicing a Confucian way of life in addition to their religious affiliation. Although Confucianism is often grouped with the major historical religions, Confucianism differs from them in that it is not an organized religion. Regardless of this fact, Confucianism has spread to other East Asian countries under the influence of Chinese literate culture and has exerted a huge influence on their spiritual, cultural, and political life. Both the theory and practice ofShow MoreRelated Confucianism Essay example1262 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism The religion of Confucianism is and interesting and unique religion. The various parts of this belief system deal more with humanity than with deities or supernatural occurrences. It is this fact that leads many to believe that Confucianism is more a philosophy or way of life than a religion. There are, however, various ceremonies and beliefs that those who follow Confucianism observe. In short, Confucianism has had more impact on the lives of the Chinese than any other single religionRead MoreThe Impact of Confucius on the Development of Chinese Thought and Culture1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact Confucius had on the development of Chinese thought and culture Confucianism has been a part of Chinese culture for over a thousand years. Many who have studied Confucianism would say that it is not a religion. It is better described as a philosophy or moral code. The philosophy of Confucianism comes mainly from the speeches and writings of Confucius, a great Chinese thinker and educator. He believed that Humanity, Rite, Neutrality, Virtue, Education, and Cultivation were the basisRead MoreEssay on Confucianism vs. Buddhism1607 Words   |  7 PagesConfucianism vs. Buddhism By Robert Truckle In this essay, two world religions will be compared to see how similar and/or how different they are; these two religions are Confucianism and Buddhism. Confucianism speaks about the wise thoughts that Confucius came across throughout his life. Buddhism speaks about how to acquire great knowledge throughout life. Confucianism was founded by a Chinese man, but Buddhism was founded by an Indian man. These quick comparisons show how the religions differRead MoreThe Night Watches Of The Buddha1747 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 3 Compare, contrast and exemplify the role of Chi in Daoism and Confucianism thought This research will compare, contrast and exemplify the role of Chi in Daoism and Confucianism thought. 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Confucianism can be considered as an ancient Chinese philosophy as well as a popular religion in the Chinese history. It is known to be a way of life taught by Confucius. Although being transformed over a long period of time, Confucianism is still the source of values and the social codeRead MoreThe Role and Status of Women in Buddhism and Confucianism Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion in the word is known to be controversial. In Buddhism and Confucianism, women are seen as unequal and some of their belief promotes gender inequality. As outsiders of both main Chinese religions, we wonder how women put up with the gender inequalities. Women go through with the inequalities because they respect their faith and believe deeply in the teachings of Buddha for Buddhism, and Confucius for Confucianism. Much research and also thought has been put together to obtain trueRead More Confucius and Confucianism Essay788 Words   |  4 Pagesunsettled. 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Bank of Canada Monetary Policy Free Essays

On the contrary to the policies of the United States, material about Canada’s monetary policy was easily accessible on the Bank of Canada website, straight-forward and easy to understand. It’s clear that their target audience is the average Canadian citizen. They didn’t give the ‘run-around’ so- to- speak, of what their main objectives are, and much of it was watered down so that anyone could comprehend it. We will write a custom essay sample on Bank of Canada Monetary Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Bank focuses on keeping inflation low, stable and predictable in order to encourage long-term investments for citizens to contribute to lasting economic growth, the creation of jobs and increased productivity – which will ultimately improve standard of living. This strategy is encompassed by the inflation control target that was adopted by the Bank of Canada in 1991, which sets a control range of 1-3 percent, ideally with a 2 percent midpoint. And, looking at historical statistics since its inception, the Bank has been able to maintain this control effectively. For example, inflation rate for 1Q 2013 was 1. 3%. According to the Bank, this monetary policy is implemented by influencing short-term interest rates which is done by raising or lowering the target for the overnight rate. In the end, a reduction in the policy rate, or easing of monetary policy, can be expected to boost total demand for Canadian goods and services, and vice versa. In addition to this, another goal for the Bank is maintaining flexible exchange rates – which they consider best suited for achieving their inflation target. The floating Canadian dollar provides an exchange rate buffer which allows the economy to absorb and adjust to economic shocks it may encounter. Though additional factors like exchange rates and unemployment seem to be important to policy makers, they are not focused on as intently as inflation and little information is available in regard to them. Their thinking is that monetary policy cannot have a systematic and sustained effect on any other variable, thus making it senseless to adopt any other long-term targets. It seems apparent that the Canadian policy strives to remain â€Å"forward looking† in a sense. The Bank places much of its emphasis on long-lasting shocks to the economy, rather than those believed to be short lived. By attempting to keep inflation close to their target, they consider themselves better able to respond to changes in the economic environment in such a way to avoid situations of excess demand or upply. Thus, pressures of inflation rising or falling are kept to a minimum. There’s much argument surrounding whether or not Canada’s policy is really that good or if they have just been lucky over the years. Volatility has increased in the Canadian economy over the years, however, they believe that their â€Å"exceptional† economic performance was the result of an even greater imp rovement in monetary policy and the policy offset the volatile environment, resulting in greater macroeconomic performance. It’s especially important to the Bank to remain credible to the Canadian people by being open and clear about their policy choices. They feel that this credibility keeps expectations to preserve future inflation close to the target and this â€Å"anchors† them to ensure that it happens. Even though Canada’s approach to communicating its monetary policy is much different than that of the United States, one could argue that they may be ‘putting blinders’ on their citizens, to avoid poor performance in other areas. Is their layman, tunnel vision approach regarding inflation control diverting the public from questioning whether or not it the best framework to utilize to drive the economy in a positive direction? The Canadian economy is still struggling to recover from the Great Recession and is trying to find ways in order to avoid the zero lower bound issue, but they put little importance communicating on how they are going to do so with the public. How to cite Bank of Canada Monetary Policy, Papers

Why was Britain gripped by widespread social disorder during 1919 Essay Example

Why was Britain gripped by widespread social disorder during 1919 Essay In 1919, against a background of worldwide violence and unrest involving people of African dissent, there occurred in Britain a series of racial riots and incidents, which in their severity and extent were unlike anything that had gone before1. There were riots in; Barry, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Newport and South Shields. The motives behind these race riots are hard to establish because there are so many different crucial factors for the social disorder in 1919. I intend to divide the question up based on the key words or phrases in the question, I will particularly focus on the race riots in Liverpool. It will always be difficult regardless of the period to try and understand peoples mental motivations for things such as riots and racial attacks when one is not in that society, just as today we find it hard to understand or sympathize with racial attacks. However there are elements that could and presumably did contribute to the heightened tensions of 1919 that reached its zenith with the race riots in the summer months, including; the First world war, popular opinion, jealously and innate and socialized racism. In the year 1919 the nation was literally in turmoil, the period itself was a transitional one being after the first world war and this formed what I believe to be one of the crucial factors in the race riots in 1919. It is possible to underestimate the immense effect the literal first world war would have had on society. Men were trained to be soldiers and a key feature of army training is to dehumanize and demoralize men, so they will be institutionalized therefore more effective and obedient soldiers. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was Britain gripped by widespread social disorder during 1919 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why was Britain gripped by widespread social disorder during 1919 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why was Britain gripped by widespread social disorder during 1919 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This must have had an overtly negative effect on the situations leading up to the race riots. The men may have possibly through trench warfare been more accustomed to violence and have less of a respect for the sanctity of human life and possessions and they would have been more willing to resort to violence. There was also a firm idea of Britishness instilled in to the soldiers of the First World War. Undoubtedly men who fought for king and country were more concerned with this idea, and wold want to preserve British culture and a pure race. There was also the element of colonialism, England as a colonial power was thought to be above those countries and areas it controlled, and therefore there was a lack of respect for other races. Another possible yet hypothetical argument could possibly be that of racism in the army. There have been numerous cases of racism and possibly this is a way of thinking believed by many who serve, this may have affected the way men thought about those of ethnic or racial minorities. Undoubtedly war had unleashed demons that couldnt be tamed and British men ( it is hard to know about the women) were more ready to use violence. There had been many precedents before the 1919 riots, therefore the riotous nature of the cities is an element in the fracases. There had been major anti-German and anti Jewish riots previously. The armistice celebrations in 1918 had degenerated into riot and disorder. The 1911 Transport strike showed the industry militancy spilling into violence. There was also riots in May 1915 at the sinking of the Lucitania Ship and the 1918 end of the war celebrations descended into mad looting and celebrations. Liverpool in particular had a history of riotous behavior. There had been five major riots in Liverpool, 1911,1915,1919, police riots. Once a riot starts it is opportunity that spurs a lot of people on to commit crimes that they would not usually commit. It is possible that there became an opportunistic element to the riots with different groups in society taking advantage of the disorder and the pressure on the police force to loot and attack. It is probable that there were many people involved in the riots that werent directly affected by the implied problems of immigration. It was those seafarers who were directly involved. However it is reported that there were over 6000 people rioting, I believe it is not possible for all 6000 to be involved in the seafarer industry therefore some must have been opportunistic rioters, such as the younger gangs of children who were often active in initiating the disturbances. Rioting recently in other countries such as Russia worried the government and, produced a feeling that social dissent happening in one part of the world had a direct effect on another2. Also once the rioting started in Britain their was a ripple effect with other port inhabitants seeing riot as an acceptable way to vent their anger at the injustices that that government made on a minority group. After the First World War there was an uncertainty felt by many, this specific context is incredibly important as to why the riots began. There was such a huge element of politics involved. The 1918 khaki election was directly in the aftermath of the First World War. The election rhetoric was highly confusing, they talked about the fruits of the British peoples labor and payments for their war time effort. There was never a specific line set out, the population was waiting with baited breath. One slogan that many picked up on was the, homes for heroes. This social policy intended to replace the urban slums with fresh housing stock. In reality there was a shortage of houses so many were facing the possibility homelessness which dramatically increased the tension especially in Liverpool and London. Looking at the race riots specifically in Liverpool it is possible to see how all these wider issues coupled with local problems led to the race riots; the significance of unemployment among seamen as a casual factor of the 1919 disorder similar episodes occurred among other sea faring communities. 3The long-term effects were important, chiefly that of economics. The Seafarers had returned to the ports and there was huge competition for jobs since thousands of immigrants had been imported to fill those spaces vacated by the British servicemen. There were reported incidents where Black British citizens and immigrants were turned away from jobs in order to employ British servicemen. It has been estimated that between November 1918 and March 1919 over 2,100,000 ranks had been de-mobilized. 4, There was a reported population of 3000 black seafarers in Liverpool coupled with the Chinese and Filipino workers, unemployment levels were huge. In some factories white workers refused to work along side black workers, so they were dismissed and replaced with white workers. An interesting point however is that the Seafarers didnt object to working along Scandinavians, so it was not a case of nationality it was purely defined by the color of the skin, which could suggest that it wasnt xenophobia. Another element that caused resentment was that foreign seafarers were employed for less than British men, this undercutting then forced the British workers wages down, laborers believed that blacks usurped whites through their acceptance of lower wages 5. This was also a problem that dated back to the 1880s and there is evidence of xenophobic behavior backed up by the unions. Linked to the dire economic situation was the perceived ideas about the wealth of black resident.. It was a popular thought that the black community had benefited from the war. Some black residents had purchased houses and this was thought to be unacceptable while white demobilized soldiers were homeless. However Jenkinson argues that, while primarily rooted in economic grievances, breaking out again in the early 1920s when the fortunes of the merchant shipping industry fell even lower as the post war recession set in therefore if] economic competition directly provoked riots, reinforces the notion that racial antagonism rather than a basic cause of the violence, was entrenched in the superstructure of Britain at this time. 7 Inter racial sexual relations was another element that heavily influenced the riots. The fear of miscegenation was picked up by the popular press and was almost used as an excuse for the racism. This is particularly evident in Liverpool and London where this is mentioned as a motive from the outset. 8 Sexual relations possibly angered the white population for a number of reasons. Firstly they could have been intimidated and jealous of the reality that they had been away and life had carried on without them. Secondly after fighting the war for Britain the ex-servicemen were possibly more patriotic and wanted to keep the idea of Britishness and a pure white race, even though this was never admitted openly. This issue was highly contended all over the country not just in the port towns. There were numerous newspaper articles perceiving this was a problem, even broad sheets felt threatened by the idea of white women marrying or engaging in sexual relations with black men. Jenkinson believes that, black men and white women was mentioned as an anathema, and soon the stress was laid on savage instincts of the black man9. This is also highlighted in the Liverpool Courier; the average Negro is nearer the animal than is the average white man, and that there are women in Liverpool who have no self respect. 10 However it is important to note the hypocritical element in this argument because there was reported to be over 600,000 half-caste children in South Africa due to white servicemen engaging in sexual relations with the native women. Rowe makes the interesting point that the feelings of miscegenation may not have been a prominent cause for the riot within the working class communities, it is possible the opinion of the middleclass journalists who reported on the race riots in the press. 11 The second element of the question is the idea of rioting in the whole of Britain. There was disorder in 1919 in Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England. In Ireland and Scotland, the rioting was not racially orientated, however its influence is evident. Glasgow saw social unrest in the early months of 1919. There was a General Strike to attempt to petition for a 40 hour week. However it was the governments reaction that had a negative effect. The industry in Glasgow was paralyzed and the government feared that the protesters could turn revolutionary (influenced possibly by other countrys as mentioned earlier). The government sent in army troops and tanks showing that they didnt want disturbances to the peace at any cost however it served to make the demonstrations more violent and made residents more disillusioned with the government. Ireland also suffered riots in January. The IRA assassinated the RIC, this was the first moment the IRA used an assassin as a weapon and it deeply shocked Ireland. The unrest continued with the banning of Dail Eoreann and Sinn Fein. South Wales suffered race riots due to its ports prominent position. Britain as a whole had a unison of innate racist attitudes (as I mentioned earlier) even if institutionalized and subverted. However the police force, the government and popular press were all guilty of racism. This can be seen in the arresting of black men in Liverpool and Cardiff, The initial arrest of black men, soon followed by the dropping of charges before trial, the finding not-guilty verdicts and convictions for lesser offences. This suggests that many of the arrests made in 1919 were because of the color of the mens skin and not because of their actions. 12 The government showed racist actions by the solution of repatrinisation and deportation. This shows a lack of compassion and one would say racist mentality towards those that were originally employed to help with the war effort. The popular presss biass were shown through their racist headlines and the focus on crimes committed by black people rather than those white people who started the riots. Therefore Britain as a whole appeared to identify with the ideas expressed by the seafarers, and this popular moral support would have probably encouraged the riotous behavior. The idea that the British people were gripped by the riots is an easy thing to believe and this is also an important element to the rioting. The psychological theory of crowd behaviorism is believed by many to explain football hooliganism, but it can also be applied to the race riots of 1919. There is a group identify felt by a riotous mob, a feeling of belonging and union which would make some have the courage to do things that they would never do on their own. There is also the element of the invisible man effect. This states that when a member of a group, individuals feel that they are not recognizable and they are therefore more inclined to act violently. It is possible, looking at Liverpool that the mob felt a group identity and so were willing to act violently. Finally it is important to question why ethnic and racial minorities were the victims in riots. Racial minorities were used as scapegoats for political problems and the governments inability to cope with the extra citizens after the war. The seafarers were also jealous of the minorities and threatened by them; when the shortage evaporated, post war economic crisis, colored semen were seen as being in direct competition and became objects of hostility. 13 Xenophobia, imperialism, jingoism influenced popular opinion; The effect of the colonial experience in the growth of racism had a dual impact racial theories were used to legitimize relationships of dominance and disability within the empire. On the other hand the very achievement of military superiority and administrative control over the colonized peoples fed back to the metropolis in the form of stereotypes mythologies a nd ideologies which confirmed the supposed superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race. 14 This point is highlighted by the participation of young boys in the riots, they possibly partly opportunistic, but undoubtedly the influence of older working friends and parents would be immeasurable and influenced racism in the next generation. The idea that society was fundamentally racist holds more weight when the beginning of the riot is observed. Jenkinson comments that; For two to three weeks before the wide scale violence of Liverpools racial riots in June 1919, blacks had been the object of attacks by whites police raided an illegal black gambling house. 15 She goes on to describe a disturbance between blacks and Scandinavians which resulted in the death of a black man, Charles Wotton. Jenkinson stresses that, while the initial fracas involved less than two dozen blacks and Scandinavians, very soon the native population became involved16, which suggests those racist feelings were looking for an outlet, which they found. There were many causes for the riots in 1919, they were much more than simply racially inspired17. Jenkinson argues that it would be wrong to pin the causes on white fear and prejudice, it was in fact much more than that covering a number of social and economic issues. The war effected the way people thought and they were more willing to use force, which became crucial when the riots began. Unemployment, lack of housing and the governments false promises of money and homes fit for heroes just frustrated and angered the British population, who then turned their attentions on to the minority groups who they perceived to be benefiting at the expense of themselves. The previous rioting had an effect and made the riots more inevitable. Britain undoubtedly became gripped by the riots and many would have joined in because it was the popular thin at the time. The workers not having a way to express their anger would have also contributed to the frustration that heightened the tensions in 1919. The issue of inter racial sex was perceived to be a main causation however that notion has now being questioned and it is thought that, racism in Britain is deeply rooted in the mode of domination cemented by the imperial heritage. 18. Even thought the race riots were caused by factors other than racism, ultimately it turned in to a racist witch-hunt which cumulated in deportation of many valuable members of British society, all in the name of British Imperialism.