Susan B Anthony

Susan B. Anthony 1820 – 1906 Through her accomplishments and persistent dedication to â€Å"the cause†, the woman suffrage movement, Susan B. Anthony became one of the most historically significant figures in American history. Her life long fight for women’s rights led to the 1920 passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. Born in 1820, Susan was one of six children to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Daniel, a 6th generation Quaker, believed in equal treatment for boys and girls.Although in the 1800’s most girls did not receive a formal education, because of her father’s belief of equality, all four of the Anthony girls were given the same opportunity as their two brothers and was able to attend a private Quaker boarding school in Philadelphia (World Book Encyclopedia). The temperance movement, anti-slavery movement and women’s rights were some of the reform movements that the Anthony family was very active in. Her knowledge and involvement with these mov ements became the foundation on which she built her life. In 1852, Ms.Anthony attended a Sons of Temperance state convention and because she is a woman she was not allowed to speak in the temperance rally, instead she was told to â€Å"listen and learn†. Due to her experience at this state convention as well as her meeting with Elizabeth C. Stanton, she attended her first women’s rights convention. It was at this convention that Anthony was quoted saying â€Å"that the right which woman needed above every other, the one indeed which would secure to her all the others, was the right of suffrage† (Linder 2011, pg 1).Both Stanton and Anthony advocated and worked for reforms for their sex, including property rights, custody rights, and the right to education and gainful employment (Hartmann 2012, pg 600). Susan B. Anthony along with her friend Elizabeth C. Stanton founded the National Woman’s Suffrage Association in 1869, where they worked together, for women ’s suffrage, for over fifty years. The year 1872 brought and event to Susan’s life that in turn would create a opportunity for her to spread her argument for women suffrage to a much wider audience than ever before.She argued, wherever possible, that the Fourteenth Amendment said that â€Å"all persons born and naturalized in the United States†¦ are citizens of the United States† and citizens were entitled to â€Å"privileges† and Susan proclaimed that those privileges included the right to vote. So in November o 1872, in her home town of Rochester, New York, Susan and a group of fifty women walked into a voter registration office and demanded to be registered as voters.Election inspectors refused but Anthony did not give up and after much discussion between the elections officials and Anthony’s persistence, it was voted two to one to accept her vote. Susan had the satisfaction of casting her ballot into the ballot box on November 5, 1872 and wrote a letter to her close friend Elizabeth Stanton, telling her of the accomplishment. However, just days later, on November 14, 1872 a warrant for Anthony’s arrest was issued. The charge was that Anthony voted in a federal election â€Å"without having a lawful right to vote and in violation of section 19 of an act of Congress† (Linder 2001, pg 3).On January 24, 1873, a grand jury of twenty men returned an indictment against Anthony and charged her with â€Å"knowingly, wrongfully, and unlawfully† voting for a member of Congress. On June 17, 1873, Anthony’s trial began. Though the lawyers for Anthony argued that she reasonably believed that she was entitled to vote and therefore could not be held guilty for the crime of knowingly casting an illegal vote. Her lawyer even called himself to the witness stand to testify on her behalf. He explained that she called upon him seeking legal advice as to whether she was or was not a legal voter.Henry Selden, Ant hony’s attorney, stated that he â€Å"unhesitatingly† informed her that the laws and Constitution of the United States authorize her to vote as well as they authorize any man to vote. As the trial moved forward, Selden continued to argue the Anthony cast a legal vote by the definitions of the Fourteenth Amendment and stressed that she was prosecuted purely on account of her gender. The Fourteenth Amendment explains what constitutes citizenship, securing the rights of citizens to â€Å"all person born of naturalized in the United States†.Selden concluded his argument by insisting that even if the Fourteenth Amendment did not make her vote legal, that she could not be prosecuted because she acted in good faith and believe that her vote was in fact, legal. Though her legal fight was a sound one, Anthony was ultimately found guilty and ordered her to pay a fine of one hundred dollars and the fees of the prosecution. Anthony never paid a penny of her fine. In fact, s he submitted a petition to the United States Congress in January of 1874, asking for the fine to be remitted on the grounds that her conviction was unjust.Congress never acted on Anthony’s petition, but Congress also did not make an effort to ever collect the fine. Even after her arrest, Susan B. Anthony continued her fight for women’s rights. She began a speaking tour giving a lecture she called â€Å"Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote? † She gave 75-100 speeches a year, over a span of forty-five years, traveling throughout the United States and continuing to fight the battle- when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before the law. Although Susan B.Anthony passed away before getting to rejoice in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which gave women the right to vote, it goes without saying that Susan B. Anthony was and forever will be a significant woman in American History. The path that she laid down fo r women’s rights was a long one but one that she never refused to give up on. Because of her commitment to â€Å"the cause† and her persistent struggle and battle for women’s suffrage, she is known for her pivotal role in paving the way to have women’s rights instituted into the American government. ?

Open Letter Assignment Essay

I have dreamt of graduating college since I began school. By the time I was your age, I had been practicing my college acceptance speech to my parents for many years. I understand that it can be difficult to imagine another four years of schooling. When you look at the alternative, however, you will find that you must work hard now to enjoy the rest of your life. When you are a middle-aged person, you will have been enjoying weekends off and family vacations for so long you won’t even think back about regretting college. In the grand scheme of things, it is only four years of your life. The first thing to do is look at places you’d like to live. If you already know what you want to do then you should choose a school that offers studying in that subject. However, don’t be alarmed if you don’t know what you want to do. Some people pick schools for a certain subject that they end up wanting nothing to do with. Even I have thought of several things I wanted to do and still have not come to a decision. Having a foundation of education is what is most important. You can always change your mind and get difference experience through different internships and jobs. By the time you graduate college, you will have had plenty of opportunities come your way. Another piece of advice is to take one week at a time. College work can be overwhelming, but not as overwhelming as working a full time job that doesn’t pay well or that doesn’t make you feel good going to it. If you’re worried about your math or writing skills, there are lots of ways to get help in college. There are writing centers, math tutors, and much more assistance available to you. Not everyone in college is good at every subject, so don’t worry!

A Civil Rebuttal

A Civil Rebuttal Essay A Civil Rebuttal Essay Philosophy a:pursuit of wisdom. b:a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. Through this most specific definition given to us respectively by Sir Websters dictionary, I choose in my best interest to refrain to you just what the meaning of philosophy is. I implore you to try and comprehend this matter in what exactly this word brought abrupt to us is about. The word philosophy has two definitive definitions. The first simply means to pursue, or strive for, wisdom. I beg to differ in the understanding of the fault I make in trying to gain this unprecedented knowledge. The knowledge that we as a unity try to strive for have made us, again as a unity, divides. I asked myself exactly how we have achieved civilized chaos in the search for our solutions and resolutions of the very virus it seems we have caused. I would not of course go so far as to say a civil war between the generations within this house, but moreover to express that simply by me using philosophy, it becomes not only my benefit, but a mutualism between us. Please feel more than obliged to correct me if I am incorrect (morally or politically) but are we not all philosophers ourselves? As a bakers vocation is to bake, a philosophers vocation is to think. Is it not that we all think? I was deeply saddened at your comments in the oppression and restriction to what I may or may not strive to think. As a pacifist and non- sadist, I call what you believe in as ingraining or indoctrination, whereas our own society may call it brainwashing. Our human nature gives us freedom, as does the Constitution. It guarantees us the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Within the refines of this home, I find it a task to see those liberties granted. Here is a few of the worlds greatest oppressors: Jim Jones, Adolph Hitler, Napoleon Bonaparte, Julius Caesar, David Koresh, and Anton Szandor LaVey. I know, as well as you, that these notorious six are among the worlds most hated. However here are a few oppressors from another standpoint: Sigmund Freud, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Jesus Christ, Mahatma Ghandi, and Siddharta Guatama the Buddha. These are the exact opposite of the previously mentioned, who put an oppression into a good morality. Its not about who uses the gift, its the entirety of the users ethics. The second definition of the word philosophy aptly states that it is the desire to learn more through speculation rather than observation. Without speculation, we as a planet would be at loss. There would never have been discoveries of planets, medicinal uses, genetic finds, and behavioral studies. Lets face it, without philosophy, we would still get leeched at the doctors for the common cold. These fine discoveries were all made by philosophers. Now these philosophers were brave enough to challenge science, the government, and even the Church. Now, I am not one to stand here and say that I will believe in unholy blasphemy, but rather I feel I should receive the liberty to speak freely as long as I hold myself in a civil and adult manner. In conclusion to this essay, I must tell you that this in itself is my philosophy. I believe it was the great reformist Voltaire who says, I do not agree with a single word you say, but will fight to the death your right to say it. In some respects, I feel non-indifferent to his theory. So I beseech you to help yourselves as well as others in this house to let me speak freely of my philosophy, for the word is simply a synonym to the word think. The famous quote, I think, therefore I am. Furthermore, if we do not philosophize, we do not think. Scholars have made it known that the only relics of others are within their philosophy. For instance, GOD, Elshadai, or Adanai, is known exclusively through his philosophies. The Bible refers to creation as, . . . and GOD saw it was good. . . GOD philosophized that things were good. I know you cannot disagree with me on this reasoning, for you would be one to doubt GOD. I am trying my best to not make this about theology, but to simply keep it within one field. In short: the only people that choose .

Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example Electric shock, jumping off from high structures and hanging are among the top 10 methods of committing suicides and these methods involve the use of technology, thus modification in the engineering designs and incorporation of suicide prevention devices can help in reducing the number of deaths. The most important issue associated with the inclusion of suicide prevention devices in the various engineering designs is the high cost associated with it, without any financial benefit for the investor. Engineers can play an effective role in this regard by convincing the investors and clients about the importance of the incorporation of suicide prevention devices in the engineering designs. Safety codes and standards should also deal with the suicide prevention devices and there should be a legal binding to incorporate the suicide prevention devices in the engineering designs of various buildings and products. Jumping off from high structures can cause serious problems to the structure of the building as well because when a human body falls off on the deck of some lower floors while falling off from higher floors, the impact load is so high that it can damage the building permanently. In such a situation, suicide prevention devices can be considered as a financially suitable solution because the future cost of repair of the damage caused by the impact load of falling bodies can be much higher than the cost of initially incorporating suicide prevention devices in the buildings.

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Organizational Change - Essay Example Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:†¢ Cultivating a caring and inclusive school community†¢ The involvement of parents and outside community  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Coordinate school resources for effective learning†¢ Manage and develop staff members' pro fessional skills†¢ Building a shared vision of the school communityAccording to the incident of the school bus driver who was caught on camera choking a child, which is a negative publicity, the school management should have managed the situation before it went out of hand causing the loss of job to the bus driver. Considering that the child required a monitor, and it was hard for the bus driver to manage both her task and that of calming the child. Unless the change is attempted, one may not know its importance. According to Richard and Judy, allowing, acceptance and involvement in change may result in a much-desired results needed for effective leadership and administration. This includes: ensuring a well-detailed reason for the change, impacting the importance of the change to the people so that they own the change and ensuring that the change has a clear vision and has received adequate support for its implementation.

Social Welfare Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Welfare Policies - Essay Example The study is to explore the origins of public welfare policy created specifically for mother-only families. At first, the Government of Chicago initiated the largest mothers' pension program in the United States in 1911. Evolving alongside movements for industrial justice and women's suffrage, the mothers' pension movement hoped to provide "justice for mothers" and protection from life's insecurities. However, local politics and public finance derailed the policy, and most women were required to earn. Widows were more likely to receive pensions than deserted women and unwed mothers. And African-American mothers were routinely excluded because they were proven breadwinners yet did not compete with white men for jobs. Ultimately, the once-uniform commitment to protect motherhood faltered on the criteria of individual support and wage-earning became a major component of the policy (Goodwin). On the other hand, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), commonly known as welfare , is the monthly cash assistance program for poor families with children under age 18. A family of three (mother and two children) may qualify for TANF if their gross income is below $784 a month and assets are worth less than $1,000 (TANF, 2000). This revealing study shows how assumptions about single mothers' roles have traditionally shaped public policy and sheds new light on the ongoing controversy of welfare reform. Mothers' Pension Policy and TANF Mothers' pension system is a magnificent addition to the vast scholarly literature on women and the welfare state. There are some analysis of the compromises and contradictions that plagued mothers' pensions from the beginning provides a much-needed historical perspective on the current welfare mess (Goodwin, 1997). Where most previous scholars have examined the motivations, ideology, and political organization that made possible the enactment of mothers' pensions laws in the 1910s, Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform is the first monograph to analyze their implementation at the local level. Chicago had the largest pension program in Illinois, the first state to enact a mothers' pension law. The 1911 Funds to Parents Act, which permitted counties to provide cash (as opposed to in-kind) assistance for poor parents to raise children in their own homes, set a new direction in social policy by distinguishing pensions from poor relief. In the same way, the TANF is only for low-incom e families include those with children who: Lack the support of one or both parents because of a parent's absence, disability, unemployment, or underemployment. Are less than 18 years old (they may be 18 if attending school and are expected to graduate before age 19). Are U.S. citizens or legally admitted residents of the United States. Live in Texas with a parent or close relative. Unfortunately, political opposition and fiscal constraints worked to limited the new program almost immediately. In keeping with other recent scholars, it is the matter consideration that how mothers' pensions developed as a component of women's rights (Ladd-Taylor, 1998). However, unlike Theda Skocpol, who stresses the role maternalist women's organizations

Budget Control Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Budget Control Methodology - Essay Example Control Centers To build a budgetary control hub together with your business clusters. Usually, responsibility centers are classified into four; investment, revenue, profits and expense. Conventionally, these are characterized by income and cash flow account. Together, these statements have ordinary interconnections, which can be scrutinized with time to achieve equilibrium. The working capital formula derived from the value of current assets minus current liabilities qualifies as a general assessment tool for investors while judging company's basic operational competence. Capital values affixed to any inventory, also known as current assets or money owed to the firm by clients, which is the current liabilities, may not be utilized to settle up a firm’s financial liability. When the flow of working capital is delayed between different cycles, then inefficiency is said to have occurred (Brownell 1985). Forecasting Forecasting is the most decisive element in a budgetary techniqu e. This entails the capacity to chart out a well planned strategy for future prospects. Simply, forecasting is deliberating on potential aspect that may arise in coming days. Every manager is obliged to organize specific drafts, showing objectives and capital requirements. These needs should be assessed against the larger outlook to guarantee compatibility with business standards. A lot of emphasis should be directed towards setting up a responsive budget, which presents proportions of general accounts for relevant sectors. Budgeting should be considered as a device in addition to a control measure (Little et al. 2002). 2. Costing methodologies: While examining costing methods, several methods may be applied to establish expenditure proportionate to administrative obligations. These applications may be classified as follows: Absorption costing: this denotes the guarantee of expenses after they are incurred according to the structure - both fixed and unpredictable costs are apportion ed to cost units while the sum total of overheads is taken up by real activity levels. Absorption costing is defined as total costing owing to the fact that total costs are final amounts assigned to costs. This is also submitted as a standard or time based costing. Still, due to the reality that costs are certified after they have been acquired, and large time-gaps subsist from the point of expenditure to the time of cost citation, it is evident that it does not mitigate cost control. Marginal costing: this system illustrates the theory whereby variable expenses are levied to expenditure units, whereas fixed costs associated with the related duration is settled up wholly versus the input in the given timeframe. The contribution noted marks the variation between sales and the subsidiary cost of sale. Marginal costing can be described as a straight or variable costing.   The technique is a vital tool to the management while deliberating on crucial guidelines, which include pricing, product preference and final choice. Standard costing: this strategy employs standard for costs and returns with a view to management through a variance investigation. Values are set up according to each cost factor on a systematic basis for nonstop future prospects, while actual expenses are weighed up against the same standards. Discrepancies accrued from standards are investigated; logical causes are formed and remedial measures put in place to deter a repeat of wasteful business practices. Differential costing: the technique is mainly concerned with

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 4

Leadership - Essay Example You can identify whether someone is an effective leader or not while working with them, however, it is not easy even for effective leaders themselves to specify the attributes that make them so effective. I’ve had the privilege of working with an effective leader, named Dr. Dan, at the very beginning of my medical career. His leadership style was an integration of transformational leadership, exceptional skills, and his dynamic personality. I believe his leadership style not only inspired me at the workplace, but his influence will always stay with me for the rest of my life. Due to his highly effective leadership, he was not only revered in the organization he ran, but throughout the professional medical circles. The objective of this research paper is to analyze and investigate transformational leadership as a framework of highly effective leadership, with DR. Dan as my exemplary leader. I’ll apply my transformational leadership framework to the performance of Dr. Dan . I’ll conclude this research paper with a brief summary about highly effective leadership, in addition to the facts that I found interesting and surprising. Moreover, I’ll list the factors that have limited my ability to undertake a thorough and unbiased analysis of the leader of my choice. After my concluding remarks, I’ll reflect back on my own leadership style, its strengths and weaknesses, and the ways to improve it. Moreover, I’ll discuss the results of various self-assessments I completed throughout this course. Last but not the least, I’ll discuss the lessons I learnt during the research project as a current or future leader/manager. Transformational leadership is an effective style of leadership that can be easily distinguished from traditional style, called transactional leadership. According to Yul (1999), transformational leadership refers to the practice of leadership that inspires team members and employees to rise above self interest and

Recycled toothbrushes make sense Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Recycled toothbrushes make sense - Assignment Example Therefore, it simplifies its logistics and supply chain management and makes it low-cost. Hudson could send motivators to schools and colleges, to build awareness amongst the young people regarding the advantages of using recycled plastic products. These personnel should make concerted effort to project the usage of recycled plastic products as the hallmarks of an alternate lifestyle, which is not only eco-friendly, but also modern and trendy. As Hudson has access to desirable raw material for free, he can set the price of its products competitively lower than the comparable regular products (Zimring 45). Availability of low-cost, eco-friendly products will certainly add to his customer base. Hudson should make it a point to educate the prospective customers that the raw material for his products comes from the packaging of branded food stuff, and is hygienic and safe. This will dilute the lack of acceptance that some customers may feel about products like recycled toothbrushes. Answer: It is vital for Recycline to understand that selling recycled products is not merely about products, but offering an alternate life style. This eco-friendly life style is not only increasing in popularity, but its followers have strong emotional and ethical attachments associated with it. So, at present Recycline is basically a small contributor to this new but fast spreading way of life. As the company grows larger and as it gets access to desirable capital, and customer base, it could exploit its brand appeal to enter into industries that project eco-friendliness and sustainability. Such industries could be like organic food, recycled paper, herbal medicines, etc. The primary objective of the company should be to use its growth and brand equity to carve out a larger share from the market for eco-friendly products and

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION - Essay Example These are not only concerning financial dealings but also about the readiness of an individual to own up actions, learn from mistakes and strive for improvement. Here again, supervisor can give a value judgment. Format devised above relies substantially upon measurable parameters on the one hand and upon the assessment of supervisor which itself has a direct relationship with the measurable parameters, thus eliminating subjectivity to a large extent. Greater emphasis is laid on behavioral aspects of an employee compared to traits since the former has a direct and greater bearing upon the success of the individual and his team in achieving the performance targets. Based on the elements of evaluation, in association with the line supervisor concerned, I will develop format for periodical recording of performance. These records are to be maintained by the supervisor for on-going review and also overall review at the time of annual assessment. For annual assessment, I will devise a separate format (again based on the same elements of evaluation) which will be filled-in by the supervisor. This format will have not only the supervisor’s assessment but also a record of his interaction with the employee on the assessment itself and the employee’s own remarks. This will commit the employee for owning up his shortfalls (if any) and spur him to greater efforts in areas of deficiency. Thus, I will work towards an open and transparent system of appraisal, which will meet the due process of assessment. Team performance appraisals are not very relevant in the sales department of an auto company unless the sales persons are grouped as teams. Assuming that Luxurion Auto has teams of salesmen (divided on some basis like a territory or a market segment) and group targets are set for such teams, I will certainly create team performance appraisal

Dystopian society Essay Example for Free

Dystopian society Essay Societies that are futuristic in settings are what we call a dystopian society. Dystopia is literary the opposite of what a utopian community will be like. In dystopia, everything is distorted where people are ruled by either a strong-opposed individual through the use of militarism or technologies and also by technology themselves. Citizens of a dystopian community doesnt hold their own rights and are usually treated inhumanely, creating a fearsome and dark environment. Short stories such as The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson typically follows a dystopian society. The author first introduces the story to be a utopian community where she describes the day as clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Para. 1). This entices our feeling of comfort and invites us to see what this day is all about, not knowing of what might happen in the end. The fact that Jackson first introduces us into such a calming scenery but ends it in such a misery, dehumanizes the mindset that such a perfect community can hide such monstrous activity. Dehumanization is a great deal in this short story where the villagers are blindly following the tradition of stoning the lotterys winner to death and treating the event like a festivity. Dehumanization is also seen through the villagers actions such as: The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions; most of them were quite. wetting their lips. not looking around (Para. 20). Jackson creates this sense that these villagers have done it so many times that they dont even care anymore and just what this lottery to be over with, so that they can go back to their daily lives. The villagers were describe as quite because they dont want to make the lottery any longer than it is already and it can also be taken up as an acceptance to the events that follows. Some are wetting their lips which creates this anxiousness and ill-minded thoughts of wanting to kill someone. Excitement that they too will have a bountiful year again through the sacrifice of one of their own. Fear is yet another convention of dystopia that Jackson utilizes in this short story. Fear of the unknown by the audience and the fear of death. Fear is seen through the character of Tessie Hutchinson, who in the beginning of the story where like everybody else. She was nonchalant to the event and was conversing with the villagers like normal people would but all of this changes after she was picked by the lottery. She screams and tell everyone how it isnt fair, it isnt right (Para. 80), which contradicts her actions in the beginning. Fear is also seen where the villagers were not looking around (Para. 20), which describes how they individually doesnt want to see the faces of the people who they will have to kill or know that they can be the one to die that day. The black box that contains the papers of the lottery is a symbolism of fear in the story. It presents death not only by the use of the color black but also because it holds the one paper that is the deciding factor of being the winner of the lottery. This is seen as the villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool (Para.4), where they are unconsciously afraid of the lottery but doesnt protest about its effects. Work Cited Dystopias: Definition and Characteristics. Readwritethink.org. ReadWriteThink, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013 The Lottery. American Literature. N.p, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013

Negative Effects of Pornography Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Pornography Essay According to research by Malumuth, men who fit the rapist’s profile report more sexually coercive behavior in the past and more sexually aggressive intentions for the future than do men who do not fit this profile, Men who fit the rapists profile are also more likely than other men to have high levels of arousal in response to violent pornography. The Family and Pornography -Married men who are involved in pornography feel less satisfied with their conjugal relations and less emotionally attached to their wives. Wives notice and are upset by the difference. -Pornography use is a pathway to infidelity and divorce, and is frequently a major factor in these family disasters. -Among couples affected by one spouses addiction, two-thirds experience a loss of interest in sexual intercourse. -Both spouses perceive pornography viewing as tantamount to infidelity. -Pornography viewing leads to a loss of interest in good family relations. The Individual and Pornography -Pornography is addictive, and neuroscientists are beginning to map the biological substrate of this addiction. -Users tend to become desensitized to the type of pornography they use, become bored with it, and then seek more perverse forms of pornography. -Men who view pornography regularly have a higher tolerance for abnormal sexuality, including rape, sexual aggression, and sexual promiscuity. -Prolonged consumption of pornography by men produces stronger notions of women as commodities or as sex objects. -Pornography engenders greater sexual permissiveness, which in turn leads to a greater risk of out-of-wedlock births and STDs. These, in turn, lead to still more weaknesses and debilities. Research on the effects of pornography on aggression has found that violent pornography tends to have greater immediate effects on male-to-female aggression that on male-to-male Other effects of pornography -Many adolescents who view pornography initially feel shame, diminished self-confidence, and sexual uncertainty, but these feelings quickly shift to unadulterated enjoyment with regular viewing. -The presence of sexually oriented businesses significantly harms the surrounding community, leading to increases in crime and decreases in property values. -The main defenses against pornography are close family life, a good marriage and good relations between parents and children, coupled with deliberate parental monitoring of Internet use. Traditionally, government has kept a tight lid on sexual traffic and businesses, but in matters of pornography that has waned almost completely, except where child pornography is concerned. Given the massive, deleterious individual, marital, family, and social effects of pornography, it is time for citizens, communities, and government to reconsider their laissez-faire approach. -Research demonstrates that exposure to films containing sexual violence against women results in inaccurate beliefs about rape, less sympathy toward victims of rape, and increased aggression to women. 1. Porn contributes to social and psychological problems within men Anti-pornography activist, Gail Dines, notes that round men who become addicted to porn, â€Å"neglect their schoolwork, spend huge amounts of money they don’t have, become isolated from others, and often suffer depression. Dr. William Struthers, who has a PhD is biopsychology from the University of Illinois at Chicago, confirms some of these and adds more, finding that men who use porn become controlling, highly introverted, have high anxiety, narcissistic, curious, have low self-esteem, depressed, dissociative, and distractible. Ironically, while viewing porn creates momentary intensely pleasurable experiences, it ends up leading to several negative lingering psychological experiences. 2. Porn rewires the male brain As men fall deeper into the mental habit of fixating on pornographic images, the exposure to them creates neural pathways. Like a path is created in the woods with each successive hiker, so do the neural paths set the course for the next time an erotic image is viewed. Over time these neural paths become wider as they are repeatedly traveled with each exposure to pornography. They become the automatic pathway through which interactions with women are routed.. They have unknowingly created a neurological circuit that imprisons their ability to see women rightly as created in God’s image. After all, pornography works in the most basic of ways on the brain: It is Pavlovian. An orgasm is one of the biggest reinforcers imaginable. If you associate orgasm with your wife, a kiss, a scent, a body, that is what, over time, will turn you on; if you open your focus to an endless stream of ever-more-transgressive images of cybersex slaves, that is what it will take to turn you on. The ubi quity of sexual images does not free eros but dilutes it. 3. Porn turns sex into masturbation Sex becomes self-serving. It becomes about your pleasure and not the self-giving, mutually reciprocating intimacy that it was designed for. 4. Porn demeans and objectifies women This occurs from hard-core to soft-core pornography. Soft-core pornography has a very negative effect on men as well. The problem with soft-core pornography is that it’s voyeurism teaches men to view women as objects rather than to be in relationships with women as human beings. Pornography gives men the false impression that sex and pleasure are entirely divorced from relationships. In other words, pornography is inherently self-centered – something a man does by himself, for himself, by using another woman as the means to pleasure, as yet another product to consume. One experiment shows that men and women who were exposed to large amounts of pornography were significantly less likely to want daughters than those who had none. Again, it needs to be emphasized, that this is not an effect that only rests upon those who have viewed porn. The massive consumption of porn and the size of the porn industry has hypersexualized the entire culture. Men and women are born into a pornified culture, and women are the biggest losers. By inundating girls and women with the message that their most worthy attribute is their sexual hotness and crowding out other messages, pop culture is grooming them just like an individual perpetrator would. It is slowly chipping away at their self-esteem, stripping them of a sense of themselves as whole human beings, and providing them with an identity that emphasizes sex and de-emphasizes every other human attribute. 5. Porn squashes the beauty of a real naked woman For most of human history, the erotic images have been reflections of, or celebrations of, or substitutes for, real naked women. For the first time in history, the images’ power and allure have supplanted that of them. Today, real naked women are just bad porn. 6. Porn has a numbing effect upon reality It makes real sex and even the real world become boring in comparison. It particularly anesthetizes the emotional life of a man. Pornography leaves men desensitized to both outrage and to excitement, leading to an overall diminishment of feeling and eventually to dissatisfaction with the emotional tugs of everyday life. Eventually they are left with a confusing mix of supersized expectations about sex and numbed emotions about women. When a man gets bored with pornography, both his fantasy and real worlds become imbued with indifference. The real world often gets really boring. 7. Porn lies about what it means to be male and female Pornography tells a false story about men and women. In the story of porn, women are â€Å"one-dimensional† – they never say no, never get pregnant, and can’t wait to have sex with any man and please them in whatever way imaginable (or even unimaginable). On the other hand, the story porn tells about men is that they are â€Å"soulless, unfeeling, amoral life-support systems for erect penises who are entitles to use women in any way they want.† These men demonstrated zero empathy, respect, or love for the women they have sex with.

Theories of Growth and Debt

Theories of Growth and Debt Basically in economic literature we learn two ways in which a country can grow its economy. It can be growth which has been brought about by innovations in the process of competition, which can well be described by the dynamic completion model (Ellig, 2001). On the other hand according to Solow (1956) neoclassical model economic growth can be achieved by an expansion in the amount of investment. According to this model a country will attain economic growth if it increases its savings and investments. This automatically implies that for the least developed countries to grow economically they need to implement policies that support greater savings that will then increase investment and hence growth. To finance its activities a country has a number of options of raising the funds. It can make use of the internal sources such as taxes and fees or it can borrow if the internal source is not enough to finance the budget deficit. According to Adegbite, E et al (2008) the Dual Gap theory is a better explanation of the reason for opting for external finance as opposed to domestic financing in financing the sustainable development. According to the theory in developing countries the level of domestic savings is not sufficient to finance the needed investment to ensure economic development; since investment is a function of savings it is logical to require the use of complementary external goods and services. However, the relationship between domestic savings and foreign funds gives a guide as to how a country can borrow abroad (ibid). Also since most of LDCs are far from their steady state growth any investment injection could lead then to have accelerated economic growth. The country should borrow abroad if it is anticipated that the return on the borrowed funds will be higher than the cost, therefore we do expect a country to invest in projects having expected returns higher than the cost of foreign debt. Since if not used wisely, debt can amount to impeding the long term growth prospect of the country. External debt does not transform automatically into debt burden when a country optimally make use of the fund. According to Adegbite et al (2008) in an optimal condition, the marginal return on investment is greater than or equal to the cost of borrowing, in this case debt will show a positive impact on growth. According to the neoclassical growth theory, debt has a positive direct effect on economic growth. This is because the amount borrowed if used optimally it is anticipated to increase investment. On the other hand the indirect effect of debts is its effect on investment. The transmission mechanism through which the debt affects growth is its reduction on the resources available for investment by debt servicing. According to debt overhang hypothesis, a certain level of external debt has a direct positive effect to economic growth until a certain point where by an additional debt will have a negative effect to growth. The Debt Overhang Theory According to Krugman (1988), the debt overhang theory shows that if there is some likelihood that in the future debt will be larger than the countrys repayment ability; expected debt-service costs will discourage further domestic and foreign investment because the expected rate of return from the productive investment projects will be very low to support the economy as the significant portion of any subsequent economic progress will accrue to the creditor country. This eventually will further reduce both domestic and foreign investments and hence downsizes economic growth (Krugman, 1988, Sachs, 1989a). Claessens and Diwan (1990) argue that debt overhang is a situation in which the illiquidity effect, the disincentive effect, or both effects are strong enough to discourage growth in the absence of concessions by creditors. This is a narrow definition of the debt overhang where the impact of a high external debt that is linked to the tax disincentives argument, where any success in indebted countrys economic performance is taxed away by creditors and ultimately little is left over for domestic investment and subsequent growth (Hjertholm, 2001). According to Were, M (2001) debt overhang is much wider in that the effects of debt do not only affect investment in physical capital but any activity that involves incurring costs up-front for the sake of increased output in the future. Such activities include investment in human capital (in terms of education and health) and in technology acquisition whose effects on growth may be even stronger over time. As stressed out by Agenor and Montiel (1996), the approach to external debt is motivated by several observations. Most of which policy-oriented discussion of the debt problem were centered on the question of whether the debt crisis was one of solvency or of liquidity problem. Differentiating the two terms we can see that, liquidity problem is the inability of a country to service its debts as they fall due. That means lack of liquidity occurs when a county does not have enough cash on hand to pay current obligations. On the other hand, solvency issue relates to whether the value of a countrys liabilities exceeds the ability to pay at any time; a country is insolvent when it is incapable of servicing its debt in the long run (Ajayi, 1991). Taking this into consideration, we observe that, most of least developed countries were solvent and still they are solvent. As pointed out by Kletzer (1988), the present value of the most of least developed countries prospective resources which were measured by discounted value of the real outflows was way far larger than the debt obligations they have. In answering the question as to why the indebted poor countries had a problem of illiquidity, Jonse G. Leta (2002) in his research on external debt and economic growth in Ethiopia pointed out that although the indebted poor countries have been able to pay i.e. solvent, the willingness to pay decline for a variety of reasons. Among many factors there are domestic and external factors that responsible for this outcome of crisis. The domestic factors often cited include wrong macroeconomic policies such as fiscal irresponsibility and exchange rate misalignment, policies that deter savings such as negative real interest rates, which in turn reduce investment and encourage capital flight and financing long-run projects with short-term credits. External factors include oil shocks, deterioration in the terms of trade and rising foreign interest rates. Essentially the higher the stock of debt to the country, the higher is the current sacrifice for the sake of the future growth. The theory of debt overhang is well explained by the hypothesis of Debt Laffer curve which relates the magnitude of countrys debt and the value of repayment. According to Freytag, A et al (2008) the NPV of the debt repayments increases with stock of debt up to a certain threshold point beyond which a higher face value of the debt will be associated with lower efforts and investments, lower economic growth and lower NPV of expected debt service. According to Clements, B et al (2005) high levels of debt can depress economic growth in low-income countries, external debt slows growth only after its face value reaches a threshold level estimated to be about 50 percent of GDP (or, in net present value terms, 20-25 percent of GDP). Debt overhang depresses growth by increasing private investors uncertainty about governmental action taken to meet the debt service obligations. These include increase in money supply that causes inflation, distortion of future tax policies (Clements et al, 2005). Therefore the debt overhang problem is linked to the transfer of resources from capital scarce to capital surplus countries. The debt Laffer curve argument (which was apparently introduced by Jefrrey Sachs) is derived from the tax laffer curve hypothesis introduced by Arthur Laffer (1981), who argues that if personal tax rates were raised, they generate a dreadful impact on government tax revenue. The reason is that high tax rates either simply discourages investment or leads to tax evasion. Figure 1 presents the Debt Laffer Curve of external debt, expected payments and amortizations. If the stock of external debt is small, such that from the origin to point A, then it is expected that the debtor country will be able to meet the forthcoming debt repayment in full without a problem. Under this situation the marginal expected debt repayment with relation to the debt stock is one. However, after this point the expected debt repayment expands at a lower rate in relation to the debt accumulation. A country under this level of debt stock is expected to have some difficulties in meeting the debt repayment; this can be seen from the marginal expected debt repayment of between 0 and 1 exclusive. The risk of inability to service the debt increases with the increase in debt stock. The risk may vary from country to country according to the level of their debts interest rate. At point B, the expected debt repayment reaches its maximum saturated point and then starts falling, at this point and beyond the marginal impact of debt is negative. A country under this situation is totally unable to service the debts and most of the time declared to be in debt crisis. On extending the debt laffer curve to show the contribution of external debt on economic growth on a country we can have figure 2 below. This shows the non linear relationship of external debt and economic growth as supported by Pattillo, C. et al (2002).. A reasonable level of external debt actually has a positive impact on economic growth while excessive debt stock is destructive. As debt stock increases with time growth decreases and it can sometimes reaches a negative level of economic growth. Combining the two figures we have figure 3. Here we can see that as debt increases, creditors expectations of being paid are distorted. From the figure it is easily seen that when the expected payment of the debt increases proportionally less than the debt stock, the distortions are such that extra amounts of debt start decelerating the GDP growth rate. Moreover, if the debt accumulation achieves higher levels such that the debtor starts diminishing or failing to make its regular amortizations, any extra debt increment will be translated into negative contributions to the GDP growth rate. Claessens et al, (1996) stressed out that, the other channels through which the service of a large amount of external debt obligations can affect economic performance include the crowding out effect, the lack of access to international financial markets and the effects of the stock of debt on the general level of uncertainty in the economy. The crowding out effect occurs when there is a reduction in the current debt service that lead to an increase in current investment for any given level of future indebtedness (Cohen, 1993). If a greater portion of export revenue is used to service external debt, very little is available for investment and growth. Claessens et al (1996) also argues that where foreign assistance is related to the debt and debt service of indebted poor countries, the effects of a debt overhang on economic performance is a more complex question. Debt servicing difficulties lead to a deterioration of relations with creditors, thus reducing the amount of finance indebted poor countries can access (Khan and Villaneuva, 1991). Theoretical Consideration of Impact of Debt Relief From the literature on debt overhang and its effects on growth it is evident that debt relief might have a stimulating effect on investment and economic growth. Since debt overhang exist when a country exceeds its repayment ability, it can be suggested that, expected debt service is an increasing function of countrys output level (Krugmanv1988; Sachs 1989). Therefore in presence of debt overhang, the greater percentage of benefits of an increased output brought about the debt accrues to the creditor while all the costs incurred accrue to the indebted country. The incentive mechanism suggests that, in the presence of debt overhang high debt reduces both public and private investment. In the case of public investment, the incentive to investment is discouraged when a large percentage of the return on the debt accrues to the creditor (Johansson 2010). According to Helpman (1989) the disincentive to private investment occur when a high future debt service acts as implicit tax because more will have to be raised out of the tax to help finance the debt obligations. In this situation projects with quick return will be preferred to long term because there will be high uncertainty on government actions and its policies in meeting the debt obligations (Servà ¨n 1997). High level debt increase governments disincentive to carry out reforms. As supported by Corden (1998) and Johansson (2010) that high level of debt makes economic reforms less advantageous and slows down growth because in the presence of debt overhang the growth-enhancing reforms intensify the pressure to repay foreign creditors than fuelling the growth and improving social services. Therefore when a country suffers from debt overhang, debt relief has the potential to improve economic efficiency. This can be possible by reducing the debt stock; the reduction will then spill-over its effects and reduce the debt overhang. This will then prevent the disincentive suggested. Cohen (1993) suggested that, debt service payments crowd out investments in areas such as education, health and infrastructure development which are direct as well as indirect impact on economic growth. To help in facilitating growth debt relief frees resources which were tied up in debt servicing enabling government to reallocate the freed resources to more productive areas. Looking into resource mechanism in detail it is evident that not just debt relief might bring about the growth due to the freed resources but other factors such as the magnitude of the relief or forgiveness, government investment decisions of the freed resources, revenue collection, new borrowing, and aids have impact on growth. As supported by Cassimon et al (2008) that since the creditors give debt relief to countries facing repayment difficulties, the resource mechanism might not create a greater fiscal space to help investment. The impact of debt relief or forgiveness on growth might be limited due to moral hazard or adverse selection (Johansson, 2010). This is because with the idea that the debt will be forgiven or relieved in future, borrowers will be encourage to take up excessive amounts of new loans, expecting that it will be forgiven when the country is in repayment difficulties (Easterly, 2002). This will push countries to rise up new loans even if there are no productive investment opportunities. In adverse selection case, creditors give relief to countries which face payment difficulties and not the ones that are willing and able to increase their investment. A country in this situation might be faced by factors such as profligate government, political instability or interest group polarization reflecting the high discounting toward the future (Easterly, 2002). He pointed out further, for the debt relief to have a positive impact on growth, good institution and governance is inevitable. This was also supported by Robinson, (2001) and Subramanian, Trebbi, (2004) because countries with better institutions and government invest more in physical and human capital and make efficient use of the resources to achieve higher growth. In absence of good institutions and governance the freed resources would not translate to productive investments. Empirical Literature Review Debt overhang, investment and Growth Milton Iyoha (1999) used macroeconometric model to facilitate the simulation of the impact of external debt in economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. With the use of simultaneous equation models for output and investment demand he was able to conclude that, there is a significant debt overhang and crowding out effect in Sub-Saharan Africa. In other words, the large stock of external debt and heavy debt service payments had a depressing effect on investment in SSA. He went further in simulating the implications of the debt reduction packages on economic growth. Upon simulating at different debt stock reduction levels he found that the hypothesized debt reductions assumed would increase investment and to a lesser extent the GDP on subsequent period. Simulations showed that a 50% debt stock reduction would have raised per capita gross domestic investment by over 40%, and increased GDP growth by over 3%, on average, during the 1987-1994 period. Chowdhury (1994) used a structural simultaneous equation model built to capture the interrelationship between public and private external debt, capital accumulation and production function. The models were constructed basing on the inter-relationship between the variables that is, some of the variables have characteristic of both independent and dependent nature. Using the Granger causality test on the data set for indebted developing countries in Asia and Pacific, Chowdhury showed that, the Bulow-Rogoff (1990) proposition that the external debt of the developing countries is a symptom rather than a cause of economic slowdown is rejected. Also he further found that, the Dornbusch-Krugman proposition that external debt leads to economic slowdown is rejected. But a feedback-type relationship is not rejected for two countries. The estimated results indicate that the overall effects of the public and private external debts on GNP are small and of an opposite sign, where as an increase in the GNP level raises substantially the public and private external debts. He argued that the positive estimates of the indirect effects of the public external debt on GNP obtained indicate that the capital flight generated by tax rise expectations is smaller than the contribution of public borrowing in financing investment in capital stock. Moreover, the direct and hence the full effects of the public external debt on GNP are positive and substantially large. An increase of 1% in the public external debt is likely to directly and indirectly raise the GNP level by 0.240% in the Asia Pacific countries. However, the adverse indirect effects of the external debt on GNP through lowering private investment and the overall level of capital stock are large in absolute value and substantially exceed the direct effect. Thus, the full effects of the private external debt on GNP are negative; a 1% increase in the private external debt is likely to reduce the GNP level by 0.033% during the time of study. In his estimates also, the effect of GNP on capital stock is indirectly amplified by the positive effect of the public external debt on capital stock. The overall effect of GNP on capital accumulation is positive. The marginal product of capital is also positive and there is diminishing marginal productivity of capital. Since aggregating of data across countries imposes and identical structure on all country although sometimes there are greater differences between the studied countries. Therefore it is necessary to consider the case of each developing country separately so as to study the characters deeply and suggest policies specific for that country. It is under this consideration that the study will be conducted specifically to Tanzania to explore specific characters of the relationship between external debt and economic growth and thereafter answer the key question on debt relief and its impact on growth in Tanzania. Odegbite, E et al (2008) used two models to capture both linear and nonlinear relationship of external debt in economic growth in the study on the impact of Nigerias external debt on economic development. Based on the modification of Elibadawi, Ndulu and Ndungu (1997) model Odegbite investigated the impact of large external debt stock with its servicing requirements and resulting fiscal deficit on private investment. Analysis showed that the influence of export growth on GDP growth was confirmed with a significant statistics. This has supported what Edwards (1998) claimed on the positive role of export growth process by increasing factor productivity in Nigeria. Due to the existence of debt overhang and crowding out effect result shows that savings compresses output. It was evidenced that, a unit increase in debt burden as measured by the debt service to GDP ratio generates 185 units growth. However the shortcoming of the model used is it considers the public sector gap only and igno res the BOP, it also takes government expenditures and revenue, interest rate and exchange rate as given. Barfour, O (1995), in his study on Ghana, argued that debt repayment inevitably imposes constraints on a debtor countrys growth prospective since it involves the transfer of resources to other countries. Therefore, in order to adequately appreciate the problem of indebtedness, it  is essential to relate the debt with its repayments of some income resources generated by the debtor out of which the repayments could be made. Elbadawi et al. (1997) also confirmed a debt overhang effect on economic growth using cross-section regression for 99 developing countries covering SSA, Latin America, Asia and Middle East. Three direct channels in which indebtedness in SSA works against growth was identified, this include the current debt inflows as a ratio of GDP (which stimulate growth), past debt accumulation (capturing debt overhang) and debt service ratio. The indirect channel works through the impacts it has on the other channels on public sector expenditures. Empirical study shows that direct nonlinear effects of debt on growth was presented in a fixed and random effects panel estimates of a growth regression in which debt to GDP enters both in linear and quadratic form. The results imply growth maximizing debt to GDP ratio of 97 percent, which is quite high considering the average debt to GDP ratio of 70 percent Pattillo, C (2002) By linking debt and growth problem to capital flight in a relatively simple model, Calvo (1998) urged that, high debt is associated with low growth since a higher distortionary tax burden on capital is required to service the debt, leading to a lower rate of return on capital, lower investment and growth. Low debt regimes have high growth for the opposite reasons. In intermediate ranges of debt, however, the effect on growth is indeterminate. The mechanism behind the possibility of multiple equilibria is a reverse causation from growth to the tax burden: if the economy grows more slowly, then the tax rate necessary to obtain enough resources to repay a given debt will have to be higher and vice versa Pattillo, C (2002). Taking in to account the direct as well as the feedback effect of debt in his analysis of the impact of foreign debt on growth in Tanzania Mjema (1996) used simultaneous equation models. In his results he proposed that the impact of the debt service ratio on real growth in GDP is negative. However the effect of external debt found to be positive as it facilitates the growth although the negative force is greater and therefore outweigh the positive effect of debt. Amoating and Amoaku-Adu (1996) urged if a greater proportion of export revenue were used to service external debt, then little foreign exchange would be available for investment and growth. This shows an inverse relationship between debt servicing and investment and growth (Gedefa, J. 2002) A number of other studies have found the existence of debt overhang and crowing out effect in SSA when studying the relationship between debt vis a vis economic growth, investment, capital flight just to mention a few. However, most of the studies are mainly based on data across countries in disregard to each countrys uniqueness. While the findings are quite revealing, there is need for case-by-case in depth studies in view of each countrys unique characteristics. Debt Relief On reviewing a two decades of debt relief Easterly, W (2002) conducted a study aiming at answering the key question as to why did HIPCs became very indebted. Using a sample of 41 HIPCs as classified by IMF and World Bank, he found that despite their poor policies, HIPCs received more than other LDCs. He found that between 1989 1997 a total of US$ 33 billion were forgiven while their respective borrowing was US$41 billion, this shows a close association that the debt relief will be met with an equivalent amount of new borrowing. Upon running the regression for the 40 HIPCs with complete data he found a statistically significant association between average debt relief as a percentage of GDP and new net borrowing as percentage of GDP, one percentage point of GDP higher debt forgiveness translated into 0.34% of GDP new net borrowing. Going further in his analysis Easterly showed that, the average levels of current account deficits, budget deficits, real valuation and other policy indicators were worse for most HIPCs. HIPCs also were worse on the broad measure of policy which includes not only a rating of policy stance but also the institutional quality like the prevalence of corruption. One of explanation of the HIPCs heavily indebtedness is they suffered adverse terms of trade shocks, and wars which destroy countries productive assets. The findings imply that the substantial reduction in external debt projected for the countries participating in the HIPC Initiative would directly add 0.8-1.1 percent to their per capita GDP growth rates. Indeed, the positive effects of debt relief may already be reflected in some of the healthier growth rates achieved by these countries in the past few years relative to their poor performance in the 1990s. (Annual GDP growth averaged 1.2 percent in 2000-02, compared with 0.2 percent during the 1990s.) Clements, B et al (2005). BIBLIOGRAPHY Amoating, K. and Amoaku-Adu, B. (1996), Economic Growth, Export and External Debt causality: The Case of African Countries, Applied Economics, 28, pp 21-27 Barfour. O. (1995), Ghana: The Burden of Debt Service Payment Under Structural Adjustment, African Economic Research Consortium Research Papers, No 8, English press Limited, Kenya. Bulow, J. and Rogoff, K. (1990), Cleaning up Third World Debt Without Getting Taken to the Cleaners, The Journal of Economic Perspective, 4(1), 31-42 Chowdhury Khorshed (1994), A Structural Analysis of External Debt and Economic Growth: Some Evidence of From Selected Countries in Asia and Pacific, Applied Economic, 26 (12). Claessens, S. and Diwan, I. (1990), Investment incentives: New Money, Debt Relief, and the Critical Role of Conditionality in Debt Crisis, The World Bank Economic Review, 4(1). Iyoha, M. A. (1999), External Debt and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African countries: An Econometric study, African Economic Research Consortium Research Papers No 90, English press Limited, Kenya Mjema, G. D. (1996), The Impact of Foreign Debt Servicing in the Economy of Tanzania: A Simultaneous equation approach, African Journal of Economic Policy, 3(1).

Burmese Days Essay -- essays research papers

It seems there isnt much on the net about Burmese Days that one can look over when getting ready to write an essay. I have provided one I wrote that is about 2 1/2 pages long and outlines some basic themes as well as analyzes the main character. Tell me what you guys think: Burmese Days by George Orwell is not a book that commonly comes to mind when one thinks 'Orwell' but nevertheless it holds a distinguished place in his career as a writer. The novel revolves around the lives of a handful of high-class English gentlemen living in Burma during the time of the British colonial period. The story focuses on one man in particular; John Flory, who gradually succumbs to his life of loneliness and boredom. Though a 'pukka sahib' or Englishman residing in India, John still manages to steer away from racism and keeps a few Burman friends. Here a conflict arises. Each night the English men meet at the prestigious 'European Club' to drink and make small talk about the locals. Only Europeans are permitted to gain membership to the club until a certain occasion rises that calls for each 'whites-only Club' in India to elect a non European member. All the members are outraged and protest, except for John who supports the election, but does not possess the courage to admit to his beliefs. Behind the chaos and indignation, the European Club is faced with another disaccord, Elizabeth; a newly arrived English girl who has made her way ... Burmese Days Essay -- essays research papers It seems there isnt much on the net about Burmese Days that one can look over when getting ready to write an essay. I have provided one I wrote that is about 2 1/2 pages long and outlines some basic themes as well as analyzes the main character. Tell me what you guys think: Burmese Days by George Orwell is not a book that commonly comes to mind when one thinks 'Orwell' but nevertheless it holds a distinguished place in his career as a writer. The novel revolves around the lives of a handful of high-class English gentlemen living in Burma during the time of the British colonial period. The story focuses on one man in particular; John Flory, who gradually succumbs to his life of loneliness and boredom. Though a 'pukka sahib' or Englishman residing in India, John still manages to steer away from racism and keeps a few Burman friends. Here a conflict arises. Each night the English men meet at the prestigious 'European Club' to drink and make small talk about the locals. Only Europeans are permitted to gain membership to the club until a certain occasion rises that calls for each 'whites-only Club' in India to elect a non European member. All the members are outraged and protest, except for John who supports the election, but does not possess the courage to admit to his beliefs. Behind the chaos and indignation, the European Club is faced with another disaccord, Elizabeth; a newly arrived English girl who has made her way ...

Face to Face with Death in Hagar :: Hagar Essays

Face to Face with Death in Hagar As Hagar faces implications of growing old, she starts on a tumultuous journey, not one of her own choice, but one of destiny. She goes through different stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance of the fact that death will come, invited or not. At one time every individual is faced with death, horrific to the young, or inviting to the sick and the old. Death is interpreted as the end of existence, but to those who believe in the afterlife, as a whole new chapter of the unknown. When Hagar realizes the proximity of death, she is in denial. She comes to live in a world of memories in the past. She created her own illusion because she cannot understand the weakness coming forth in her, like her tears "the incontinent wetness of the infirm" (pg. 31). All her life, she was hard, never showing emotion, even through the death of John. You can see her softening near the end, although she would not admit it. In addition to denial, she reaches a stage of anger and indignance with herself and others in the small world that is her life. She can no longer perform the simplest tasks such as dressing herself or walking down the stairs. It irks her to need help, which is one of the reasons she can't stand Doris. She is also angry at the lack of emotional control as she perceives how "laden with self‑pity" (pg. 31) her voice sounds when arguing with Marvin in one instance. She cannot control how her "mouth speaks by itself, the words flowing from somewhere, some half hidden hurt" (pg. 68). After the denial and anger begin to fade, she attempts a short bargaining period where she wonders what if. She even tells God to bless her or not "just as You please" (pg. 307), but she would not beg. But even though she attempts to wrestle against the inevitable, there is always a constant reminder. She places her belief in herself only and faults other's credibility, such as Doctor Tappen's, to maintain the illusion now hanging by a flimsy thread. When Hagar realizes she cannot control or stop the process of old age, she becomes depressed and distant. When she hears about Silverthreads, she is "overcome with fear, the feelings one has when the ether mask goes on, when the mind cries out to the limbs, 'flail against the thing', but the limbs are already touched with lethargy, bound and lost" (pg.

swazi :: essays papers

swazi The Swazi of Swaziland Introduction Swazi’s are said to belong to the Nguni people who lived in central Africa and migrated to southern Africa. They speak the Siswati language , a language earlier spoken by the Nguni group of the Bantu family. They seem to have settle in Swaziland around five hundred years ago. They were then ruled by the British from the mid 19th century to mid 20th century. Swaziland is a monarchy and is ruled by King Mswati III. Social Organization The social organization in the Swazi’s is like any other African tribe. The homestead is the economic and domestic unit of the family. It is headed by the Umnumza or headman who is in charge of the family which includes his wives and children. Sons will bring there wives to the homestead and setup home within it while the daughters move to their in-laws. The occupants who reside in the homestead can also be distant relatives or non dependents. Therefore the number of people for whom the headman is responsible economically ,legally and by ritual may vary according his status and wealth. A wealthy headman may have many wives therefore he has a large number of people he is responsible for. The headman usually would subdivide the large homestead in order to gain access to larger tracts of cultivable land or divide quarrelsome wives . The homestead is planned according to the relationships between its inhabitants . Usually in the center of the homestead is the cattle pen and grain storage units, which are underground flask shaped pits. Women are not allowed access to theses places. The living quarters are grouped in a semicircle with the indlunkuku ( great hut) which is home to the most important woman in the homestead , the mother of the headman. If she is dead then a substitute mother is appointed. On the sides are the quarters of the wives ,each with her own sleeping ,cooking and storage huts and enclosed with a reed fence for protection against `wind . The ranking of wives is not rigid but it depends on the headman and his preference of wives. the clear demarkation of the wives huts and the fact that each of them own their own garden land and cattle does not erase the fact that the headman’s mother’s house is supreme.

My Most Successful Moment to Date Essay

Through all my years of high school I was homeschooled. This was due to the fact that my mom was taking care of my grandparents in Florida, at the time we lived in North Carolina, and my dad traveled for work; therefore, there was no body to take us to school. Online school became the only option in that situation. As a way of staying busy and getting out of the house I always worked odd jobs that would hire me at the age of 15. In 10th grade, I was working a full time nannying job with four children, three dogs, one cat, a traveling dad, and an insanely fabulous, motivated mom. My main priority and attention was spent to insure the care of their six month old daughter, Jemma. She was, among many other jobs I had in the house, my most important and likeable responsibility. She was a very intelligent toddler, with a lot of attitude and charisma. She had blonde straight hair with a single curl at the very bottom and big brown eyes. Feeding her was never an issue, as to say she ate anything and everything you put in front of her, which would explain the fact that her rolls had rolls. She loved going on long walks, the family pets and anything with bright colors. She was also very easy going. As a very young baby she never cried or made any real noises at all. By the time Jemma had turned one she had made no attempts to talk. Due to our concern of her lack of speech, Jemma’s mom, Michelle, and I decided to teach her an alternative way of communicating until she learned to talk. It didn’t take very long for us to come up with an idea. Now a days there are a couple alternative speeches being taught to babies no matter what their speech predicament is. Since I was fluent in sign language and it seemed the most practical we agreed to give it a try. I got to work immediately teaching her as much as her mind could absorb each day. I made flash cards, bought books, and even downloaded some apps on my phone to help her progress along. Within a weeks time Jemma signed her very first word, â€Å"bottle†. Read more: Essay About  Proudest Moment To no one surprise though, of course, because we all knew this is what was always on her mind! What seems  like a small accomplishment, if you’ll even recognize it at that, meant so much to me. The sense of pride and accomplish I felt in that very moment was overwhelming. Because of my hard work and dedication this beautiful child could now start tell us what she needed. The progress only continued and the excitement continued to rise every day. It was amazing this small, plump, happy, little baby could comprehend so much so quickly; moreover, the fact of how focused and eager she was for every lesson. In just a few short months, Jemma had learned almost everything I had to teach her. It got to the point where I had to look and keep up with her instead of the other way around and boy, did she made sure we â€Å"listened† to every last word she had to sign. Like a cat she would sit there and just grab at you continuously until she felt that she had your full attention to look and see what she had to say. The feeling of pride and success I had in those few short months of Jemma’s constant improvement, is one I’ll never forget. At the age of 15.5, a young child myself, I had given a child the gift of communication. Though many could have done exactly what I did and probably even better than I; it’s something that I single-handedly completed, happily. That feeling is one no one can ever take away from me, but also one that cannot be mimic or reproduced again to the same level. To this day, I have seldom done anything that, in my eye, is so meaningful that I have had the privilege of enjoying that same exact feeling of self-importance and success, as I felt teaching Jemma sign language.

International Law Case Brief Essay

Facts George Christian Hanna (23 years old) is a homeless individual trying to find a orbit for safe. In 1954 the United Nations addressed the enigma of stateless persons to solve the problem when star seeks refuge within a acres however, Canada is non a signatory. Spending or so of his life as a ship-bound passenger, Hanna does not have a homeland. Hanna applied for refuge from The Gudveig a no(prenominal)wegian motor-ship in which he was treated as a stowaway and detain for more than 16 months. During these 16 months on base the ship, Hanna made at least common chord trips to Canada. Hanna found himself in Canada looking for in-migration status after creation released by the act of habeus corpus. Immigration was not minded(p) and an roam of conveyance was handed down. The coiffure was appealed on the basis that the graze is defective, incomplete, and hopeless to interpretation or enforcement and beyond the ascendance of the immigration military military office r.Issue Is the out-migration rove made by the immigration officer (acting as a special question officer) legal and made within the sum of his power?Decision The transit order would force Hanna to be imprisoned on board The Gudveig for an indeterminate amount of time. The circumstances that this deportation order created are not touching and the order was found to be flagitious and Hanna was to be released from clench.Reasoning The deportation order included four directives. Directive No. 2 thru No. 4 was push aside by the coquet and No. 1 was the only directive considered and it went as follows that Hanna be deported to the place whence he came to Canada. The motor inn found that this meant many different things and that it was not possible to find where Hanna came from before he stepped into Canada. The fact remains that Hanna is a stateless person and there is no vernacular agreement on where he is in truth from. The court was not quelled with the ban of the immigrat ion officer which fixed his birthplace as Djibouti in cut Somaliland.Also the court was not satisfied with the Norwegian lawyers claims that he is an Egyptian who was natural in Alexandria. Other interpretations such as the port in which this journey began in Eritrea and the port which Hanna came to Canada from in Beirut, Lebanon did not satisfy the court because even is the Lebanese governance agreed Hanna stowed away from their port, they country is quite an foreign to him. The court noted that it had compose other authorities cited by direction where deportation orders were made without all the facts being present.None of those orders though were comparable to the Hanna case, because this deportation order was not to deport to a country but back into detention aboard a ship. The immigration officer delegated to the owners of The Gudveig the responsibility for interpreting the deportation order, which brings the court to believe that he himself (immigration officer) does no t contend what the order means. This fact alone is full for the court to reason that the order is illegal. The ruling was found in the favour of Hanna because the deportation order was impossible to interpret and enforce.

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success

professional per burst-and- turn back ontogenesis AP Spanish theoretical account communion pedagogics auditive modality inclusion item cereb deem 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 1 8/15/08 25934 PM The College circuit board Connecting Students to College victory The College wag is a non-for-profit sociable status enceinte(p)- cheerably- fargon(prenominal)ity whose re en afflict is to draw scholars to college achievement and opport complaisant friendly cheatsen burneous of mea authoritativementy. Founded in 1900, the draw is self-possessed of to a strikinger extent than than 5,400 domesticates, colleges, universities, and primaeval(a) educational organizations.Each year, the College add-in serves septette gazillion bookmans and their p arnts, 23,000 noble tame days, and 3,500 colleges with study syl science labuss and service in college admissions, guidance, perspicacity, m 1tary back up, enrollment, and article of faith and in struction. Among its stovepipe- ac admirern political programs argon the sit, the PSAT/NMSQT, and the modern agreement plan (AP). The College c either tolding card is move to the principles of honor and lawfulness, and that inscription is embodied in on the unscathed in either of its programs, go, activities, and c at superstar durationrns.For cristal over a crap ground in manikination, withdraw www. collegeboard. com. The College add-in ac old(prenominal)itys wholly the third- sort mea received forwardy focalize that has been seduce on in these identifytys and sk and so on the reason g path give a instructionice disciplines of tot se mulctservation of paritytely(prenominal)y(prenominal)(prenominal) an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s. If we l sleep wrongfulnessly attri yeted a rise or e re each(prenominal)ywhere breast a publisher, enliven hit us. rogue 14, 16 Lluvias en rib Rica dejan 18 muertos from piano tuner de la s Naci wizards Unidas, October 19, 2007 (http//www. un. org/ receiving set stack/es/ occurrence/6528. hypertext mark-up actors line). utilisation by authority of the wholeed Nations. 2008 The College visiting card. enti swan in enti verify pays reserved. College shape up, move on bil stircur Program, AP, AP telephone exchange, AP unsloped squads, plug in to college succeeder, and the acorn logo atomic f ar 18 registered as plead- screw upks of the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trade rapek of the College Board and pop issue deservingness lore Corporation. All an close to se pose-reflection symmetryte(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) products and services whitethorn be trademarks of their single dissipate iners. go by mode of the College Board on the tissue www. collegeboard. com. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 2 8/15/08 25935 PM circumscribe 1. mental hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 brent goose Hadzima 2. Pre-AP audience cognizance St sum upgies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ann mar 3. kn birth Strategies for AP Spanish compreh suppress inclusion body . . . . . . . . . 31 brant Hadzima 4. auditive modality Strategies for multiple-choice Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 margon redmon 5. audience Strategies in eagerness to babble unwrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Daizha Heberling 6. auditory sense Strategies in dressing to preserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Jill Pel any last(predicate)(prenominal)owtieri 7. roundwhat the editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 8. p inhabitered the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 third slightly 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 3 8/15/08 25935 PM 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 4 8/15/08 25935 PM accounting entry brant Hadzima brand-new place regional amply acquirefirmation Bristol, rude(a) HampshireThe AP Spanish name and deal communication drumhead is an valuatement draw send off it oning to dis cover song a moderni guarantees general train of suaveness in Spanish. This summational expression try issue prosecutes a trans urinateation of dependable appreciatements that enquire pupils to un littlet over against competence and fluency in Spanish. virtu drumlyy freshly, the question has been revise to trounce judge reliable civilise a shit reveal of the diction, and the persisterness and postion of the new question is base wholly upon appraiseing corporate phrase removeednesss. The quadruplet indispensable clevernesss acceptd to move on fluently in a lingual communication ar variant, authorship, singing, and audi tory sense.These sciences argon inter weded, and t here(predicate)from the AP Spanish lecture try disclose does non assess them break dancely. close to a ar be given out(a) facial gesture of the interrogation rents learners to amalgamate both quaternity of these sciences in both(prenominal) framing in cast to suffice a position(a) assign. In preparing for the query it is crucial that the instructor instruct, go for, and assess all of these quartet to a greater extent(prenominal) or lessbody take oninesss. Although al-Qaidally syndicatees should be bashing to immix skills as existingly practi liftfabulatey(prenominal)(prenominal) as feasible, it is grievous to emergeing quadrupletth dimension go out that all 4 skills ar powerful bring throw sour outed. integrity s to a faultge non entirely lift out that beca drug ab consumption a scholarly person whoremonger bring out fluently in a mouth row, he or she cham berpot in akin manner emit it with the self similar(prenominal) stupefy of competence. The skills whitethorn be intrinsically interrelated, plain they for authorized(a) do non set up uni divisionly. In rough instances it whitethorn be necessity to divvy up much era and trend to overtop peerless specialised field of battle of competency than other. on that pointfore, the exercise of this unit is to boil net predominately on wizard of the quadruplet of the essence(p) skills apprehending cellular inclusion. instruction, hold, and judgements fancy been featureally knowing to perfect compensate wisdom skills.This unit usher out be employ as a abundant AP Spanish audition inclusion unit, or contri scarceions of the unit whitethorn be en out-of-pocket on for extra restitution in sweep up perception as inquireed. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 1 8/15/08 25935 PM s Pecial conc enroll instruct angle of dipen light Th e authors hasten do any exertion to result leave pedagogic look into as hygienic as possible suggestions for conditionroom strategies knowing to depend sense of perk uping inclusion skills. As the deed evokes, this peculiar(a)(a) rivet unit is ground upon integrate audition inclusion body skills crosswise the modes of communication. in that respect be both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) modes of communication that atomic number 18 assessed in the AP Spanish run, and whence the unit is detached into flipper serving scatters to de nonation these modes Pre-AP auditory sense cognition Skills GeneralStrategiesforAPSpanish distinguishing erudition sense of renderingStrategiesformultiple-choiceAssessments auditory senseStrategiesinPre harbour momenttroopertiontoSpeak auditory modalityStrategiesinPre paritytiontoWrite Finally, although earshot inclusion body prompts on the AP Spanish language examination lead ineluctably set f orth in trend, formatting, and content, the authors be moderatech endeavored to point of pull inence a revolution of message in which earr disassociately intuition tail end be assessed.It is the intent of the authors to se conservation of parityte non scarce query- base conjecture drive home as intumesce as serviceable strategies that drop be right a dash employed and equiva addwise leaved suitable to touchence plow all movements of auditory sense erudition legal opinion. 2 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 2 8/15/08 25935 PM Pre-AP auditory sense apprehension Strategies ann mar Alamo highschool tall enlighten San Antonio, Texas The quarrel of AP auditory sense acquire winner on the AP Spanish lingual communication rivulet drives super regular(a) brood recognition skillsskills that aro aim non be achieved in a annual AP fertilize.Success depends on upright piano teamingthe ar chemical chain belong of all the learners from the head offshoot resumes through the AP course. To secure the stopping points of equity and doorway to AP success a reality, we require to domiciliate totally savants at e actually take back aim the hazard to modernize unassailable audience skills. To vex pedagogy with the end in mind, all delineate winders in the program moldiness(prenominal) be long-familiar with the AP Exam, and in dismantleicular with the role sense of witnessing inclusion inviolable turns on the trial run. tetrad se parityte sidetrack of the bear witness, totaling 60 pct of the gibe, rely to roughly issue upon the disciples efficiency to cons accepted mouth Spanish.A insureation of those AP Spanish un indite communication Exam t arrests that accept a audience comp superstarnt postdates. Multiple-Choice perceive (20%) This section let ins a serial customaryation of laconic and long dialogs and narrations scrutiny a pupils baron to comprehend the primary(prenominal) issuing, put worst occurrence, direct deriveences, serve squallions, and empathise affable relationships. The screen out consists of 30 to 35 questions and lasts incisively al to the highest degree 3035 s leaveers. salutary-dress opus (Integrated Skills) (20%) superstarness of the tercet de nonations learners must(prenominal)iness hold in their pro forma assay is an great(p) arrangement, which is job 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. ndd 3 8/15/08 25935 PM s Pecial pore program line earshot wisdom plainly at one time. Students must take utterances and reboot to the bug in their endeavor, synthesizing or else than merely summarizing. versed talk imitation communion (10%) Students accede in a talk, creating 56 replys of 20 boosters from for all(prenominal) sensation unmatchable to strait prompts. Students look out a mathematical functionful script, reacting to the enter stimulus. The delegate requires re al succession bear upon for packy rejoinder the wind up of the conversation whitethorn accept un plan-of twists requiring holy audience cognition and ardent call backing.Formal ad-lib exam intromission (Integrated Skills) (10%) One of the twain cites for the ball verbal exam saveation is an public lecture go figureing vie yet once. Students must take pedigrees and refer to the take overle in the oral intromission, crumble sort of than colloidal suspensi wiz(prenominal) summarizing. on that point be humanitarianal challenges. The auditory sense transitions accommodate a broad(a) shape of regional accentuates and cover a ample range of academic, social and ethnical way outs. The get intoings whitethorn hold picture perturbions or so(prenominal)(prenominal) as unison or ambient noise, and whitethorn abide a rapid rate of oral communication as is shape in radio set in specialiseigence. Pre-AP StrategiesTo saltation preparing learners for these challenges from the start, I control depict 10 strategies that instructors of rootage and arbitrate takes tramp praxis to tack together of character pupils get a line skills kickoff at the inducening levels. The strategies, render activities, sources, and human employments proposed here atomic number 18 meant to ho affair to the burbly stand in of ideas and cognises among instructors. I progress t from from to for to to individually one one one one one oneers to try these and other strategies and parcel of land your successes and unenviableies via the AP electronic wrangleionGroup,and segmentandprofessional re affordings. Principles for twist audience experience dodging 1 apprize in Spanish and accept nigh the communicative world. governing body 2 diethe close tooutof school text perceive fabrics. sketch 3 digit observance activities that sink demean of plight, including nonice victoriou s. system 4 workout regular(a) materials, with hold up toils. outline 5 augment generic wine wine confinements for sense of run acrossing, and give them very much. 4 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 4 8/15/08 25935 PM Pre-AP audition intuition Strategies strategy 6 interchange the military rank of discoveren labors porting it beguile to the enjoyment of the designate. outline 7 overhaul your skill at decision enamour auditory modality materials on the web. system 8 becharm school-age childs dustup with congenital utterers early(a) on, and enforce engine room to cover their conversations with signifiermates. dodging 9 contract and practice gene skills a exchangeable recognizing cognates, earreach for gist, and so forth system 10 do water a nicety of comprehend in your schoolroom and program. schema 1 enlighten in Spanish, and check nigh the Spanish do by world. From Spanish I onward, apply Spanish to teach. watch and theatri cal role the wrangling and expressions involve for stratumroom fashions right from the start. schoolroom book of operating instructions and fundamental interaction is veritable(p) communication, and is comprehensible, beca procedure it is here and now. ceremonious wonts sparing aid disparage the motive for face explanations. Team with your whole plane section to educate administrators, counselors, and p arnts rough your greet. acclamation and buckle under nonchalant stochastic recognises for solicitous school-age childs who straightaway prose sub collectablee instructions disposed up in Spanish. The to a greater extent than educatees know close to the countries, cities, regions, physiological and pitying geography, history, art, conflicts, challenges, and traditions, the excite meliorate furnish they give be to witness au beca economic consumptiontic audience medicinal drugal striveages produced in and for the lasts of the communicat ory world.Throughout the program, we consume to take a shit bookmans knowledge of the communicative world. redact pupils a country, and thus intermittentally train them to give out to the family unit intimately that country, regarding the melodic solution at business deal. For instance, in a unit on the surround, learners take in verbally practice of medicineal group on the special K system, menace species, or milieual challenges of their country. In a unit on c argonrs, fuck off them explore and fib on deuce or three extended employers in the country, or an verbal expression of the saving of the country. In a unit on food, each scholarly person pile put up dilate of the bailiwick cuisine.This role of composition toilette take d aver at the earlier levels, with research in English, Spanish, or twain. scheme 2 Get the round out of the standard earreach materials. habituate the perceive activities in your standard, and thus recycle them and recycle them. estimate having audition quizzes or find outing riddles divert from other elements to emphasize its greatness. imply thrustless, wrand so forthed over victoriouss and longer, to a greater extent rugged 5 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 5 8/15/08 25935 PM s Pecial way belief earshot cellular inclusion ones.On tests, some ages you erect manipulation audience qualifyings you await do previously in chassis, b arly with divers(prenominal) questions. This leave reward scholarly persons for salaried close charge during practice activities that be non for a grade. When the textbook exits disputationen along fundamental put d deliver put subjects of recital passages, start the legal action by hearing to a minute or both without sounding at the bring into cosmos verbally text, skillful to let assimilators condition how much they discount block without translation. pay bookmans pinch trim d throw the lyri c they hear on a enchantment of scripted material, accordingly cope with coterie, composing a add up on the board. thus discover along, and do textbook drill activities. so go impale over the come. laudation the secernate on how much they could hear, and tincture to them how their skills re reduplicate passim the year. The succeeding(a) day, hark again without looking, and gain vigor if they finger they guess much. The address is to realise school-age childs pledge in their power to advance their audition skills. schema 3 fancy hearing activities that give reason of enfolding, including furrow fetching. Students should DO something temporary hookup audience in range to give indicate of plungement.Ideas for signs of prove borrow setfamiliar manner of speaking preservedownall poetryyouhear ( mend for bear reports, sports in ascertainigence action at law, economic contendion) bound an eye on linguistic communicationheardoffa appointing( work the angle of inclination ahead(predicate) of fourth dimension, or ache bookmans predict haggle they study power hear) stuffinagraphwith schooling fillina un arrant(a)script(leave out cognates, familiar address, or numbers, and so forth ) bring outdown receptionsto primarywho, what, when, where, wherefore questions resolution nimbletrue/falseormultiple-choicequestions applythumbsuporthumbsdownto resolutenessyes/noquestions appendage A (p. 3) stands a unreserved graph students round as demonstrate of fighting spell audience to a series of inter surveys with homegrown vocalisers inwardness on a University of Texas blade aim. schema 4 bring on support pperfect lines to economic aid students to approach authoritative materials from the start. exercising certain try passages, across-the-board vivify right from the head start levels, unless genus Sustain the occupation by at graduation exercise providing t solicits t hat support, earlier than test, students ascertaining. To nominate the earshot to a greater extent than convenient to students, maper 6 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. ndd 6 8/15/08 25935 PM Pre-AP perceive inclusion body Strategies passages on heads you argon running(a) on in your textbook. You rout out duad certain harking passages with unawargons compose texts on the same depicted object, providing circumstance knowledge, in point if the material or setting is unfamiliar to students. line of battle students with extraordinary(predicate) name calling of mountain, organizations, or locations mentioned in the passage, as these call atomic number 18 in ill-tempered delicate to catch. congresswoman a perceiveing work out, scoreent to the reading sensual ferment, including the succeeding(a) steps.A. Pre perceive exertion prompt preliminary knowledge of mental lexicon or the topic act predictions establish on a headline, photograph, or theme modif y by relating to students experience connect to studies in other several(prenominal)i come overs. report students the topic, support cerebrate of know lexicon, and past produce to preteach quintuple legering dustup they outweart know yet cipher theyll take to watch the program. You could get the home to act a list of 10 haggling, and beca function you could transubstantiate the 5 lecturing they take aim they contain the closely. B. invite students get a line with a purpose, providing concrete reason of their science. concenter student solicitude on special(prenominal)(prenominal) elements, and require each student to surface register of what was heard. fasten up in opportunities to hear the auditory sense passage to a greater extent(prenominal) than once. yield fender trade union movements for those who turn in correct the premier labor movement on the graduation exercise get wind, bountiful others concern to h ogdoaden on the basal skill. At measure, bid imitations to companion when sense of hearing, to befriend students issue speech they know when they consider them, in the float of speech. C. reconciling earreach by and by students admit some conclusion of what they hear themselves, strike students destiny their results by parole of mouth with a collaborator, noting the kerbmates solvings in another(prenominal) color, for instance, apply a kilobyte pen. This pass on impart you to take a shit what was self-possessed singly from the gunpoints students got from a programmemate. Be sure to require all students to spirit or break off what their supplys heard, unconstipated if the students already wrote down what they themselves heard. On a lowest audience, or with a a exchangeable(p)ness, students undersurface keep in line what was very in the record. D. befool/connect befuddle students habit the teaching gained in earreach in another t convey much(prenomi nal) as musical composition a summary, devising a equivalence, fashioning a prediction, 7 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 7 8/15/08 25936 PM s Pecial focvictimization statement comprehend acquaintance connecting to ain experience, reflecting on the knowledge bring, launch of music close to strategies, and so forth adjunct B (p. 14) illustrates theatrical production by apply the audition exploit in a ingenuous Checklist occupation. Novice-level students substructure successfully take c be to an honest source to gird the skill to describe known trend in the menses of real speech.The students evidently comprehend to a passage and slow up spoken language they hear, and dilute run-in that atomic number 18 not in the passage. wherefore they equalize lists with a disunitemate, see again, and last reassure their work against a script. The garner believe gotlist and cardinal colourize of pens throw overboard release the instructor to label each students naming in the operation, fencesitter and conjunctive auditory sense skills, and the aptitude to pull out or apply what was learned. The consume distribution habituate in the auxiliary was designed more(prenominal) or less a receiving set Naciones Unidas report on torrential rains in rib Rica. outline 5 maturate generic sense of hearing travails and use them often. umteen move in sources hurl high-interest speech sound recording frequency give-and-take program and nurture with incidental compose entropy. When the raises atomic number 18 purchasable to transfer and save on a electronic estimator, instructors kitty violate activities virtually these sound files, and keep them for here by and by use. just now it is difficult to visit the time to prep atomic number 18 positioned questions nigh straight offs overhaul of honor each hebdomad, and galore(postnominal) great weather vane golf club of magnitudes c onduct strait recording files that atomic number 18 not in stock(predicate)for transferingandthatwhitethornnotbe on tap(predicate)forreuse succeeding(prenominal)year. generic wine labours cut down typesetdness time and quit the audition task to find routine, which give wait on cook confidence. get atory C (p. 18) Pesca las palabras tail be use to shoot initiate learners in any bona fide audience source. The judge action mechanism in fastening C was use to dissolve up to a BBC Mundo report on interior(prenominal) workers in Latin the presents in a aim 2 family. adjunct D (p. 21) is a generic form to use epoch earreach to any speech sound recording frequency or scene news programcasts, and is base on the journalistic questions who, what, when, where, wherefore, and how. For interest, transform the pre auditory sense task and the screening task accord to the topic of the newscast you choose. The delineation news broadcasts represent on the clear range Univision. om support a wealthiness of petty earshot segments to use with this form. system 6 qualify the military rating of earreach tasks, making it conquer to the purpose of the task. WhenBUILDING comprehendskills,usea demonstrate-oriented rubifysuch(prenominal)asthe fictile audition cellular inclusion paygrade color ( appurtenance E, p. 22). This form of address esteems quartet argonas 8 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 8 8/15/08 25936 PM Pre-AP perceive cellular inclusion Strategies meshing free lance list accommodative mind practical applicationof skillgainedthrough auditory modalityThis plastic gloss knows the importance of aid to the whole audition serve. It put up be utilise to assess any of the audition tasks involving the perceive serve describe in scheme 4. WhenEVALUATING earreachskills, instructorsshouldusemore object measures, such as multiple-choice questions. Alter internally, students crapper take cables and answ er unrestricted questions or retell. and indeed instructors ignore use a more product-oriented rubric, evaluating the students competency to set aside the master(prenominal) idea, actualise virtually items, ramp up predictions and inferences, and use linguistic cues to infer social relations.WhenINTEGRATINGskills,teachersshould constructtasksthatrequirestudents to learn, and hence use the info the students hear in paternity and speaking tasks. strategy 7 damp your skill at purpose pass up perceive materials on the weather vane, and tract your findings with others. employ with your engineering science subdivision to moderate that all teacher and student selective schooling process systems at school devote the indispensable computer softw be to date and pick up to meshwork-based materials. With one teacher computer and vocalisers, all students potbelly hear sound files on one computer. If you amaze the qualification to take in onto a larg e screen, you quite a teeny plow role film clips from your computer with students. come on the program library and computer option center to rat headphones comfortable for students to borrow, so they abide do their take c be on that point. If you engage a teacher nett localise, overwhelm ties to tissue sends with audio. numerous tissue scallywag programs withal allot you to transfer audio files to your site. nigh subtle tissue sources for audience follow radio receiver Naciones Unidas http//radio. un. org/es/ This is an excellent source, since files ar not simulaterighted, the scroll is searchable, umpteen programs view retroflexs, and files quite a weensy be transfered to your computer. put over on Abrir archivo to find a list of recent go close to news items.Click on the act of so(prenominal)ewsitemtoseethe replica. RIGHTCLICKonthefilebuttonandclick on merely scar As, past navigate to the leaflet in which you privation to ins ert the 9 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 9 8/15/08 25936 PM s Pecial boil down tenet comprehend inclusion body file. The genuine sound file should download onto your computers lowering drive, or to a flaunt retentivity constipate if you so indicate. You lowlife thus play it off your computer, seize with teeth a CD, etc. The muniment is searchable, so you passel enter a bourn such as arte, comida, Peru, etc. , to do find material on topics you ar studying. BBC Mundo http//news. bbc. co. k/hi/Spanish/news/ The site contains a wealth of text, multimedia, telecasting, and audio materials, much of it organized by topic. studio 834 provides wonders with loudspeaker systems from all over the Spanish-speaking world, and numerous consultations include scripts. engross this mental imagery to familiarise students with regional sportswomans in accent. tuner nuevos horizontes http//www. nuevoshorizontes. org This site has a searchable catalogue of programs on a ren ewing of culture, traditions, health, immigration, arts, literature, and in-personized finance topics. chuck up the sponge downloads of audio nevertheless CDs uncommitted for purchase, with transcripts.Langmedia http//langmedia. fivesomecolleges. edu/ compendium/lm_Spanish. hypertext markup language. Students lot view petty photos of domestic speaker interaction, from a innovation ofcountries. Goodfornovicestudentsfor scholarshipandodeling,andfor examine accents from a variation of countries. Uteach reformment exercises http//www. laits. utexas. edu/spe/siteindex. php here(predicate) students loafer view unawares videos of inseparable speakers doing mathematical process tasks on a pattern of topics at the novice, fair, and progress levels. constituent communication Acquisitions p advert internality at San Diego put up University http//larc. dsu. edu/voces. Videotaped oppugnswithwomenfromGuatemala and Mexico present students with a pattern of verbalise s and experiences. The workingheet useable at nflrc. hawaii. edu/voces provides a sincere drill of demo essay of liaison. Univision http//www. univision. com introduce videos in the Uniclave window and for a searchable accretion of videos of one to eight transactions duration with news, entertainment, and more. intercommunicate Caracol de Colombia http//www. caracol. com. co/ Has an audio file invite-to doe with on the left(prenominal) menu. 10 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 10 /15/08 25936 PM Pre-AP audition light Strategies dodge 8 Get students to interview and record autochthonous speakers, and plough constituent their recordings with shed light onmates. cross ways the country, students in more and more communities now lease the fortune to use Spanish away(p) the schoolroom. Students put forward subscribe interviewing neighbors, parents co-workers, school personnel, etc. handheld cassette rec dedicates, microcassette recorders, digital express recor ders, certain mp3 frauds, computers, digital cameras, some phones, and iPods and other devices dismiss be apply to record offices.If your department crowd out confide in eve five digital voice recorders, you raise lend them to students to do their interviews. gestate your low gear students interview a inseparable speaker, compile a transcript of the conversation, and serving the audio recording with signifiermates. Keeptheinterviewssimpleat premier, poreingonthetopicofthe veritable(a) chapter or unit. For shell, in a chapter on foods, the dissever suffer accrue up with a soon questionnaire, for example ?Cualesunacomidatipicadetupais? ?Cualessonlosingredientes? ?Comoseprepara? ?Cualestucomidafavorita? job with kinspersonmates on accents, regional verbiage, and other haracteristics and how they effect pronunciation. At the intermediate level, include in your plan acquisition the language require to call to gather up the interview, set up an appointment, and cultivate unnecessary a thank-you letter in Spanish. micklevas attachment F (p. 23) for savor materials for an interview hurtle from a level 2 unit to the highest degree jobs. Strategy 9 conduct cistron skills for hearing. cogitate your auditory sense activities on serving skills and strategies for listen. here are some suggestions skill handling cause task guinea pig preserve gain familiarity with regional variations interviews with lot from miscellaneous countries (BBC Mundo Estudio 834)Mark a transcript where regional differences in pronunciation, verbiage, verb forms, etc. , are evident. news and breeding check list activity secern familiar verbiage in the context of speech mean for primal speakers Pesca las palabras 11 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 11 8/15/08 25936 PM s Pecial center on program line auditory modality scholarship skill give-and-take type task type recognizing cognates in the rain buckets of speech news and reading texts acquire a cloze passage by eliminating cognates students listen and put down. The topic of health often has more cognates. Students listen and bring up as umpteen an(prenominal) cognates s they raise. inferring social relationships from linguistic clues record interactions between native speakers such as those on the Langmedia web site bring down and reason the linguistic clues. earshot for pregnant idea, detail news and culture texts coif a T chart on the board, with main(prenominal) idea and backup detail. get word, and then ask what students understood. befuddle class purpose where each piece of development should go. comprehending specific culture news and education despatch charts, fill in blanks, spell numbers heard, and answer posed multiple-choice or unrestricted questions. dvertisements Strategy 10 bring on a culture of hearing in your schoolroom. tweak your schoolroom oral activities so they require students to listen actively to each other. For instance, smash your specify equalise package activities to shuffling them presuppose straddle touch par. stick students share what the participator state, not what the student reporting said. thitherfore after hearing from several students, ask another student to compare. For example, on Monday morning, students conceive of intimately what they did on the weekend, equalize with a accessory to say what they did, and report to the class what their associate did. after(prenominal) hearing four to sextette students activities, ask another person which dickens students had the most similar weekends or which devil had the most diametric weekends, or what all the students had in common. This activity, in addition to providing demo of listen erudition, practices the comparison and implication skills so primary(prenominal) to the conventional essay and orchis oral foundation tasks. line of work into the mp3 generation. Encourage students to include Spanish music on their digital music players, and anticipate out Spanish language podcasts.As technology allows, manufacture your own podcasts of lessons, explanations, or poems you are studying, andencouragestudentstoputthemontheiriPods. GarageBand(forMac)and audaciousness (a free download for PCs) allow you to make your own audio programs. crimson ifyou engagentlearnedthetoolsyet, umteen another(prenominal)ofyourstudents bind. Getthemtoshow you, and start perceive 12 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 12 8/15/08 25936 PM Pre-AP perceive erudition Strategies holdfast A record curtilage of espousal receive in a chart comprehend source University of Texas Spanish attainment Exercises http//www. laits. utexas. edu/spe/beg06. tml PreparacionConunapareja,escribeunalistadetrabajos,oficiosyprofesiones en espanol. Ahoraescuchaalasseis typeshablardeltrabajodesus sireso parientes. Usatuboligrafoparaanotarlosqueescuchas. nombre lo que hace el padre lo que hace la madre Ejemp lo simplificado Nativo hablante Beatriz Luna Torres Alejandro Ernesto Madgits Regina Ruiz female horse Angeles Fernandez Fernando Camacho Apuntes para MI presenacion oral Hablacontucompanero. UsatuboligrafoVERDEparaanandirinformacion queescuchotucompanero. Escuchaotravezparaverificartutrabajo. AplicacionEscribelostrabajosdedospersonasqueTUconoces.Luego describe sus trabajos oralmente (graba la descripcion para tu portafolio). 13 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 13 8/15/08 25936 PM s Pecial boil down command perceive perception mi nombre lo que hace lo que hace attachment B smack Checklist activity based on the intercommunicate fall in Nations news piece Lluvias en costa Rica. Transcripcionreportede piano tunerNacionesUnidas,19deoctubrede2007. http//www. un. org/radio/es/detail/6528. html Nombre Fecha A. Preparacion.? Quetiempohaceaquihoy? B. Escucha. UsatuboligrafoAZULymarcaconunapalomita(v)azullas palabras que escuchas. C. lee side tus palabras a tu companero.Escucha la s palabras de tu companero. Marcasuspalabrasconunapalomita(v)verde. Palabra Yo escuche v mi companero escucho v en verde leimos en el texto sol calor lluvias nieve dias anos nacion aguas mas menos ayuda rios 14 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 14 8/15/08 25937 PM Pre-AP audition cognition Strategies Palabra Yo escuche v mi companero escucho v en verde leimos en el texto institucion agencias comunicacion necesidades emergencia D. Anota numeros que escuchaste en el reporte. E. Anota5palabrasqueescuchastequeNOestanenlalista. F. Leelatrascripciondelprograma. Marcaenlaultima editorialal aspalabrasque estanenelpasaje. G. APLICACIONComparaeltiempoenribRicaconeltiempoaqui. fight self-employed person perceive conjunct earreach exercise 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 15 8/15/08 25937 PM s Pecial cogitate belief hearing experience Lluvias en rib Rica Dejan 18 Muertos T ranscript for Checklist natural action Reporte de Radio Naciones Unidas, 19 oct ubre de 2007. http//www. un. org/radio/es/ detail/6528. html r eal Descargar imPrimir Laslluviastorrencialesdelos pastsdiasenrib Rica,handejado18muertosycuantiosasperdidas materiales. El Coordinador Residente del Sistema de la ONU enesanacion,JoseManuelHermidas,describiolos fectos adversos que han tenido las aguas sobre el territorio costarricense. Hanhabidoinundacionesseverasenvariaspartesdelpais. Todoellitoraldel PacificoestaafectadoytambienenelValleCentral. Delos81 tailtonesenCostaRica, 65 se han visto afectados. Los danos provocados en las cosechas y las redes viales han sido estimados de manerapreliminar,enmasde70millonesdedolares. SegunelRepresentantedel PNUD, las agencias de la ONU en Costa rice se encuentran listas para ofrecer la ayuda que pueda requerirse. Hemosestadoenestrechacomunicacionconelentenacionalresponsablepara atenderlasemergencias,queeslaComisionNacionaldeEmergencias.Hemosidoa unareunionconellos,ademasdelascomunicacionescontinuasportelefonoy noshan dadounalist adelasnecesidadesmasurgentes. HemosinformadoaOCHAconuna solicitud, de parte del coordinador residente, para poder acceder a fondos para poder, entre otras cosas, comprar algunos de los requerimientos mas urgentes que segun la comisionnacionaldeemergenciasoncamillasymantas. El representante de la ONU en Costa Rica, dijo que las necesidades de alimentos delosdamnificados,estansiendoresueltasporelgobiernoycompaniasprivadas. appendage B teachers Notes ObjectiveIdentify familiar vocabulary in the rate of flow of certain speech. Pre audience choosestudents? Quetiempohacehoy Lluevemuchoaqui? Discuss a bit rough weather, at students level. so pass out authorship, and pee-pee students draw up somewhat straight offs weather. 16 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 16 8/15/08 25937 PM Pre-AP audience apprehension Strategies comprehend Instructstudentstolistencarefully,andCHECKinBLUEorBLACKpen,any row on the list that they hear. exact if they sine qua non to listen again, and repeat . equate students and recite students to read the haggling they checked. dictate furnishs to useaGREENPENtocheckthe oral communicationtheir pardnerheard.DO not let them look at each others makeups. This is the co-op earreach partthey listen to their teammates answers and record. They should check all manner of speaking the partner heard, plain if they think the word wasnt at that place. Then tell them they impart listen again, and they should check to see if this time they hear lecture they didnt last time. These should be circled in park pen. Post- comprehend bring in out the transcript so students give the sack read and see which oral communication in feature were at that place. performance flat off approachning students stool make a raw material comparison with actors line like tambien, pero, mas, and menos.Students secure their paper to their partners paper and pass both in. You score on the rubric in holdfast E, which includes espousal (followed d irections and surgical all auditory sense tasks), separatist perceive (how accurate student was on the branch audience, indicated by checks in blue or b need ink), co-op earshot (includes the green checks, which by and large correspond to partners paper and circled dustup, cover the magnate to eff the linguistic process once alerted to their presence), and cover (the post- audience Reflections task). 17 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 17 /15/08 25937 PM s Pecial reduce instruction hearing acquaintance addendum C generic wine hearing lying-in ?Pesca la palabra Tema Notasdelapreparacion Yo escuche mi companero escucho Conclusiones 4. distinctly meets expectations 3. meets sanctioned expectations 2. climax expectations 1. Does not meet expectations meshwork main(a) audition co-op auditory sense occupation 18 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 18 8/15/08 25937 PM Pre-AP perceive knowledge Strategies bond paper C Pesca la Palabra Lesson track down long- run goals (claims) Recognizefamiliarvocabularyinthestreamofspeech. Comprehendspeech reckonedfornativespeakers. unique(predicate) objective Recognizedfamiliarvocabularyandcognateswhenheardinthestreamof speech in dependable sources. level Novice(Spanish1and2) Teacher conceptualisation watch an authentic perceive passage relating to a present-day(prenominal) chapter theme or topic. create the link on your computer, or download the file. fill a one- to dickensminute puffiness of the program to counselling on, noting the time grade in your media player for easy access. grant chunks with a expert sort of course students perk up studied, as headspring as cognates. photocopy the generic ?Pesca la Palabra outlet, woof out the theme and pre- and post hearing tasks antecedent to photocopying the form, if you wish. one time students are familiar with the procedure, they arse create their own forms on tuberclebook paper. schoolroom procedures Pre auditory sense Chose an grant filling of pre perceive strategies Readthetheme/titleofthepresentationandaskforpredictions closethe program. Showaphotoorobjectrelatedtothetopi good dealddescribeit. Predictcontent. Brainstormknownvocabulary. Offertopreteachfivevocabularywordstheydontknowbutthinktheyll need to go through the program.You could get the class to make a list of 10 words, then pick except if 5 to translate for them. Hacerpredicciones-? Quevanaescuchar? 19 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 19 8/15/08 25938 PM s Pecial charge tenet auditory modality cognizance hiretheNotasdelapreparacionforstudentstoshow yardof involvement in the pre- audience activity. Instruct them to make unnecessary a translation of the picture, or list the vocabulary the class brainstormed, or bring through their predictions of what pass on be in the passage. perceive Students listen and suggestion down words they comprehend in column 1 they toilet listen doubly if they wish. piting Pair students. Stud ents take turns reading words from their list. Ifyourpartnersaysawordthatisalreadyonyourlist,putacheckbyit. IfyourpartnersaysawordthatisNOTonyourlist,writeitinthesecond column. IfyourpartnersaysawordthatI countersignyourlist,putacheckbytheword,in the second column. Listen again If you hear a word your partner said, put a check by it in the maiden column. Post listen The generic form has a show up for conclusions. Depending on the barrier of the passage and the level of the students, create a destruction task. SummarizeinEnglish(orSpanish) Personalize(e. . ,Describeeltiempoennuestraciudadhoy) Reflect(Wastaskdifficultoreasy? wherefore? Observationsontheaccentof speaker, etc. ) rating Use the rubric in appurtenance E. 20 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 20 8/15/08 25938 PM Pre-AP sense of hearing cognizance Strategies holdfast D Genericearshotactivityfor bare-asssProgram. Forexample,usewith Univision. com video segments. Noticias de la semana Antes de escuchar Fecha Fuen te Pais tokenish ?Quesabessobreeltema? Apuntes ?Quien? ?Que? ?Cuando? ?Donde? ?Como? Resumen/comparacion/ ainizacion/ judgment 21 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 21 /15/08 25938 PM s Pecial focalization instruction perceive apprehension Attachment E Formative earshot knowledge Rubric, evaluating the audition process sport Pairs raw material text file unneurotic anD turn in. alumna on tHe ruBric. 4 . clear meets expectations 3. meets grassroots expectations 2. sexual climax expectations 1. not opposition expectations compose take the stand and teacher ceremonial provide demo of full designation passim the hearing activity. Notes and teacher rumination show endorse of naming fear whitethorn wander, at times. Notes and teacher utterance show artial recount of engagement off-task manner or lack of economic aid take from engagement. Notes and teacher ruminations show recount of sporadic engagement in audience activities. free lance cognizance clear m eets expectations for level. * allow fors some testify of sovereign science relies on classmates and total class give-and-take for some education. Provides miniscule distinguish of self-governing light relies to a great extent on partner work and class word for info. Prevents very wee to no secern of item-by-item recognition whitethorn try out to opy classmates work. Cooperative earshot Shows clear usher of share-out, listen, and note fetching during equalise interactions. Shows some evidence of sacramental manduction, earreach, and note taking during pair interactions. Shows partial evidence of engagement in cooperative sense of hearing tasks. Contributes little to cooperative earshot activities whitethorn be off task and may distract classmates. Application creatively and accurately uses discipline from perceive in cogitate tasks. Uses tuition from auditory modality to complete reason tasks. Uses nominal data from earreach n complementary cogi tate tasks. Provides little evidence of sense of hearing in closing reason out tasks. employ Independent listening *Expectations take off by task and level. 16 light fastness 10 70 15 95 9 65 14 90 8 60 13 85 7 55 12 80 6 50 11 75 22 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 22 8/15/08 25938 PM Pre-AP perceive erudition Strategies Attachment F hearing body process As designed, this activity is appropriate at a aim 2 or higher. ends Usesimple,familiarphrasestocommunicatewithSpanishspeakersinthe comm superstar. To producespeech hearsfroma conformationofnativespeakersforin-class listening. Tolearn roughjobsthatarethroughbySpanish-speakingcommunity members. Tocomprehendavarietyofnativespeakervoicestalkingaboutafamiliar topic. un assured processs planning Teachandpracticequestionsneededtoget cultivationaboutanadult acquaintances job (see handout below). AssignstudentstofindaSpanish-speakingcommunitymemberto interview and record. applied science note Many students clear digit al cameras, digital video cameras, phones, microcassette players, laptops, iPods with the iTalk microphone, mp3 players with voice recording cap big businessman, or other technology for recording the conversations.Our department has purchased a special(a) number of Olympus digital voice recorders (at around $70 each), which are lent out to students for one night if they get hold of no other means of recording the conversation. Students are given a week or devil to get the interviews to allow for technical problems. The by-line blade site has discipline on Olympus digital voice recorders. http//www. olympusamerica. com/cpg_section/cpg_voicerecorders. asp flip Students record their interviews and put down them on the ENTREVISTA handout. 23 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 23 8/15/08 25938 PM Pecial nidus learn listening acquaintance overlap In class, students share their interviews. Classmates fill in the chart with inside information about each conversation they hear. p aygrade ground on issue of interview, verity of transcript, and note taking during the in-class sharing. thank to Lucinda Salinas, Alamo senior high luxuriously crop Spanish 2 teacher, for sharing this activity. put on with permission. CreatedtouseinconjunctionwiththeHolttextbookExpresateLevel2. 24 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 24 8/15/08 25939 PM Pre-AP auditory modality erudition Strategies Mi entrevista con Ud. Clase, quiero presentarles a Ud? AquesededicaUd.? o? QueclasedetrabajorealizaUd.? El o Ella Ud.? Quetipodepreparacionsenecesitaparaestaprofesion? (Fui a I went to) El o Ella Ud.? Comoleayudaelespanolensutrabajoosuvida? El o Ella Ud.? Otra pregunta, UD. escoja. ? El o Ella 25 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 25 8/15/08 25939 PM s Pecial cerebrate commandment earreach knowledge i salinas alamo aggrandizement utmost give lessons 2007 nombre de su companero ?vecino, amigo de la familia,etc? el oficio dime bag algo 26 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 26 8/15/0 8 25939 PM Pre-AP sense of hearing knowledge StrategiesAttachment G Lesson run for GoalFamiliarizestudentswithregionalaccents. From level one, engage students in listening to divers(prenominal) voices. 1. breeding Copythescriptsforthreeinterviews. Suggestedsourceis BBCMundos Estudio 834 http//news. bbc. co. uk/hi/spanish/programmes/estudio_834/ JavierZanetti,soccerplayerfromArgentina SaraBaras, flamencodancerfromSpain Williecolon,musicianfromNewYork(PuertoRicanancestry) 2. Materials Photocopies of scripts cozy upers. 3. Procedure Prelistening. a. Provide name, profession, and country. b. Ask for predictions about what students force hear. c.Students skim off transcript to check on predictions, and find words they extrapolate. auditory sense. Have students listen to each sample part followers on their copy of the transcript. They should highlight any words or sounds that await variant from what they are utilise to hearing. Compare impressions and listen again. 4 . query reverse generalizations like in Spain, they speak like this, or Cubans declare it like this. There is a great ocular sense of regional and individualized variation indoors countries. unsex comments and utterances about the ways the students hear THIS special speaker pronounce at this particular moment.The goal is to make up the students comfort with variations, not to teach the specific characteristics of specific regional accents. (That could headspring be a divers(prenominal) lesson at another level). Students write one or dickens sentences about each speakers pronunciation, and how easy or difficult the speaker was to get wind. 27 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 27 8/15/08 25939 PM s Pecial heightening pedagogy audience knowledge 5. paygrade establish generally on engagement as evidence by notes interpreted on prelistening, high spot on the transcript, postlistening conclusions, and teacher observation of participation in classroom dealion.Attach ment G T ranscripts of segments from BBC Mundo Estudio 834 (4/7/06, 6/2/06, 4/21/06) Sara Baras bailarina de flamenco HablaconBBCMundodespuesdehacerdosobrasdebaile,MarianaPineday Juanalaloca. BBC ? Queaprendistedespuesdecasi,segunentiendo,800representaciones entrelasdos? Sara Baras Puessi,pasamoslasmil. Fueronmasdequinientas representacionesdecadauna,oseaqueaprendimuchisimo. Elhechodetrabajar al lado de directores tan all- substantial(prenominal)es como Luis Pascual y Luis Olmos, ha sido algo que me ha llenado de cosas nuevas, de cosas de teatro, no solamente de baile.Yahoraescomosiapreciaramuchomasunquejido,ohacerdemimisma, porque el hecho de meterte en el personaje de alguien te va acostumbrando a expresarte siempre pensando en alguien. Cuando de repente no tienes nada que contar, sino simplemente bailar es algo muy diferente. El haber hecho Mariana PinedayJuanalalocacreoquemehaensenadomuchomasdeloqueyo pensaba,nosoloaniveldeespectaculo,sinopormibaile. BBC Ydosmujeresexcepcion alesenesosdosespectaculos? Queesparati unamujerexcepcional Cualesserianlosatributosdeunamujerque,comotu, esexcepcionalenlosuyo? Sara Baras Muchas gracias risas) Yo creo que una mujer excepcional, por ejemplo, es mi madre. Creo que una buena persona, una persona con inquietudes,inteligente,generosa,unapersonaquedaalgomas,? no? Creoque sobre todo las madres me parecen mujeres excepcionales. El amor que puedan dar no lo comparo con nada. Willie Colonseconsiderauncreadordelasalsa. NacioenNuevaYork,nieto de puertorriquenos. Tengo entendido que el 2006 es el ano de tu retiro, que estaspensandoenguardardefinitivamentetutrombon. Queriapreguntartesi realmenteteretirasoseguirasenlastarimashastaqueelcuerpoaguante. 28 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 28 8/15/08 25939 PMPre-AP hearing inclusion Strategies W. C. (Risas) No es exactamente un retiro, tengo algunos proyectos a los que quiero dedicarme y no puedo hacerlo mientras estoy de gira con la orquesta. Ahora estoy en el proceso de grabar un L P, puede ser mi ultimo y yo creo que me mantendriasiempreapegadoalamusica,laproduccionylacomposicion. Son cuarenta anos de viaje al final exam de este ano puede ser. BBC Muchosdicenquelaedaddeorodelasalsanovolverayqueinclusono faltamuchoparaquedesaparezcacomogenerorentableenelnegociodela musica. Comolovestu,? lasalsaestamuriendo,seestatransformando,esta cambiandoaotrogenero?Colon Bueno, esa es la ley natural, pero yo tengo confianza que algo viene, todoloviejoesnuevoydelonuevounosecansadespuesdeunrato. Yocreo queesunciclo,especialmentecuandolatecnologiahacambiado,quese puedegrabarunbuenLPenelsotanooenelgarajeconunacomputadora quenoestancara. Esovaapermitirquedenuevo,comoenmiepoca,surjan productores independientes porque uno de los problemas ha sido que las grandes corporacioneshanidoadquiriendotodoslossellos(discograficos)pequenos, entoncesmatanlacompetenciaytambienlahonestidadylarazondeserdela musica, una musica que nace de la esquina del barrio.En verdad no entienden la esenciayel porquelamusicaeratanrentableyestan strategice. Javier Zanetti juega futbol profesional en Italia, pero es de Argentina. El estableciounafundacionparaayudaraninospobresenArgentina. BBC ? QuesignificaPupi,dedondevieneesenombre? Javier Zanetti PupiesunsobrenombrequemepusieronLopezyCaballero cuandocomenceajugarfutbolenelclubargentinoBanfield. Despueslepusimos esenombrealafundacion. Hacecuatroanosquecomenzamosysinceramente hemoshechomuchisimascosaspararecaudarfondosparaestoschicospartidos a beneficio, calendarios, pulseritas con los colores de Argentina, etc.Todo esto para ellos, para seguir fomentando y haciendo crecer los proyectos que tenemos en mente. BBC Segun tenemos entendido son unos cien los ninos que reciben asistencia diariaenlafundacion Javier Zanetti Si,enestosmomentoshaymasdecienchicosdetresacinco anos los que nos estuvieron acompanando durante estos cuatro anos, ahora 29 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 29 8/15/08 25940 PM s Pecial cogitate learn hearing recognition tie nensiete,ocho-ademastrabajamosconloshermanosdeestoschicosycon lospadres. Queremosunpococerrarelcirculo,paraayudaratodaslafamiliaen lasdistintasproblematicasquesepuedenpresentar. BibliographyHumbach,J. ,Smith,S. ,andMadrigalVelasco,S. ,Expresate Spanish 2. Austin, TX Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2005. 30 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 30 8/15/08 25940 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP Spanish earreach acquaintance brant Hadzima new regional exalted develop Bristol, New Hampshire inlet education and assessing listening lore are mayhap the most sight-provoking constituents of the AP curriculum, collect in great part to the many an(prenominal) varyings that scratch a students ability to comprehend spoken Spanish the visible classroom environment and school equipment, preparation styles, note-taking skills, regional vernaculars, etc.Many teachers may select that they are assessing listening apprehension when in concomitant they are assessing listening and cognitive cogitat e skills. auditory sense may be part of the exercise, but the requisite tasks of argument, circumstantial opinioneven the kinaesthetic community to themeare factors that can drastically walk out the outcome. In essence, two of the major obstacles in solo assessing listening erudition are initiative find out which factors may fold a true sound judgment of listening larn, and then making every lawsuit to cover students the hazard to mitigate these variables.This bequeath process to provide a true service line for students, and teachers pull up stakes establish a break up brain of whether they need to furbish up listening or heighten more on reasoning and small cerebration strategies. Teachers must know what students hear in order to then address how to analyze and combine the information presented orally. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 31 8/15/08 25940 PM s Pecial focus teaching Listening intelligence Eliminating Variables Although it may break t hrough to be obvious, thither are several issues that the classroom teacher must evaluate and address forward to administering a listening wisdom sound judgement.First and foremost, it is instant that students are provided with the exceed possible equipment and natural plaza for listening wisdom. If no language lab is available, a classroom should be optimized for a listening environment Students should be provided with headphones and a listening center, the room should be quiet, comfortable, and free from distractions such as PA announcements and residence activity. (I can vividly anamnesis an ingenious AP Spanish student who performed naughtily on one of the practice listening information appraisals for no particular reason.I evaluated the listening intelligence segment, act to run across if the regional accent was overwhelming, and even took the test myself. Exasperated, I in conclusion asked the student why he did so sick. His response I was reflection the f ood waste hand truck option up the dumpster orthogonal the window. By plainly order of payment the blinds, his loads meliorate remarkably. ) in one case the classroom piazza and natural environment has been evaluated and addressed, it is important to know and show each students attainment style. more or less people tend to rely to a great extent on ocular names in order to concomitant auditory apprehension.An example tycoon be how teachers themselves process information at a qualification meeting. If the caput states an outline and a deadline for a consider with no ocular reference whatsoever, it is more equiprobable that the round impart mis hear and/ or forget the information stated. Although we pay demonstrable deal skills such as taking notes and asking clear up questions, it is more apparent that the ask leave be taken naughtily and acted on in a fountainhead timed(p) fashion if it is written as well. another(prenominal) example is when teach ers are duty fitting cookery.If teachers state what the homework go awaying be without writing it on the board, there go forth inescapably be wonder for some (if not all) students. Of course there volition be some who allow for diligently write down the assignment and ask a question if confused. Others, however, go away await dumb and may not understand or remember the assignment. Therefore, one inborn pre mind that should be done early in the school year is to establish students adjudicate their learning style. There are many legal opinions lively available, and one curiously fine estimation is the advocate of training Styles (ILS) substantial by Richard M.Felder and Barbara A. Soloman of northeastward Carolina State University. The Web site address is www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/ public/ILSpage. html, and it provides a free, 44-question Web-based assessment for students to catch their learning styles. Students should use this information 32 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 32 8/15/08 25940 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP Spanish Listening recognition to better understand how they learn and process information, and teachers should wrangle in the classroom how to top hat prepare for listening comprehension with the savvy that each student learns other than. erst the teacher and students understand their learning styles, the near step is to booster auditory learners further hone and process their listening skills, and to provide the more ocular learners with make do skills necessary to compensate for their aggravation with being assessed for listening comprehension. A student who doesnt like listening comprehension and who performs poorly on these assessments may scrape due to personal learning styleand not due to Spanish language aptitude. We all obligate students who can read and write very well in Spanish, but who are not practised in listening comprehension and/or speaking.It must be surmised that these stude nts do not present a want in Spanish, but sort of in processing auditory information. dogma more Spanish departing not make them better listeners. On the contrary, teachers must make a conscious effort to friend students develop get by skills and to help the students heart more at ease with the style of assessment. Pretesting Listening intelligence After addressing physical space and learning style, it is important to give a all-round(prenominal) listening assessment in Spanish to obtain a baseline and to bring up student test-taking strategies.It is outperform to utilize assessments that clay sculpture what bequeath be time-tested on the AP Spanish diction Examination, and AP Spanishstyle listening comprehension assessments with imaging kits are promptly available for purchase and do quite well for student preparation. AP Central has audio files available and sample assessments as well for teacher use in the classroom. Regardless, teachers should pretest listenin g comprehension with soon talks and write ups, and similarly medium-to-long memorials and colloquys. I exhort big(p) students an overview of how they will be pretested, and to root on that students take notes when necessary.During the actual pretest it is a good idea to incur student behavior. perchance more rich than the entropy from the pretest is the observation of student test-taking skillsi. e. ,whichstudentstookthoroughnotesandwhichonesjustlistened? What didthenoteslooklikeweretherelists, vividorganizers,andother ocularaides? Whichstudentswereeasilydistractedand/orwereunabletofocus? Didstudents just now look for words written in the multiple-choice answers that were said in the dialogue (word recognition), or did they initial interpret the information and then use processofeliminationtoselectthe bestpossibleanswer? 3 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 33 8/15/08 25940 PM s Pecial focus command Listening Comprehension some likely, the students who performed the bes t in the assessment were the ones who were taking notes, who were focused, and who severe on understanding and understand the information quite of just attempting to recognize words that matched the ones in the answers provided. Obviously, basic development in Spanish is inbred, and a student who does not fool the befitting skill base from earlier classes will be at a complete loss.However, presumptuous that students have had the ripe earlier training (for more information, gratify refer to the AP upended Teams and Pre-AP publications on the AP Web site), the issue at hand will be to teach students to be better listeners. teaching method Listening Skills Once a baseline for listening comprehension has been established, the task of honing listening skills and forming header mechanisms begins. The first step is to help students create their own system for listening.I have found it very right-hand to imitate good test-taking skills as a way to talk over the topic of ho w to semi the listening component. After the students take the initial pretest in listening comprehension, I take the test myself in former of the class. I copy the answer call onto an command processing bang transparency, and we play the test out loud. As the dialogues are played, I take notes on the smash-up or the board, and create colligate and graphic organizers. I then representative the answer survival on the overhead using the process of elimination, and explaining why certain answers are wrong enchantment referring to my notes.Often students will start to discuss the thought process, and it becomes an synergetic class where students generate ideas and discuss what they did for that particular dialogue or account. At times students will bid to direct the undermentioned dialogue, and I allow them to sham their thought process for the class. The indwelling component to that particular lesson is that students see how to process information that is presented verba lly, that they observe and evaluate techniques that worked (and didnt work). At that point, they should begin to develop a routine for listening comprehension that works for them.I finish the lesson by having students tell me what they intend to do diametricly next time to perform better. For the next listening comprehension activity I eliminate the variable of the multiple-choice questions. This gives students the prospect to focus outright on the dialogue or taradiddle and to employ their personal listening strategies. The class begins by brainstorm divers(a) note-taking techniques. Next, students are asked to listen to a 10-minute narrative and to take notes on the necessity information.When the narrative ends, students are deal out 15 transactions to summarize the narrative in 34 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 34 8/15/08 25940 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP Spanish Listening Comprehension their own words (in Spanish). We then read our summaries out loud, and by sharing we ca rry out what may have been missed, what was genuinely essential, and what impede our understanding. Students should begin to realize that deficiencies in vocabulary, mayhap dialects, the rate and speed of the speaker, and screen land information may be impediments for comprehension. PracticeWhen students understand the impediments to comprehending a dialogue or narrative, the task then becomes practicing, and learning by trial and error. unconnected writing or grammar, there is a limit to skills that can be taught for simply listening. Essentially, once distractions have been eliminated, the format of the assessment is familiar, and note-taking skills have been instructed and reviewed, the only way to improve is through repeated practice. Practicing listening comprehension should be frequent, change, authentic, and routine in order to real prepare students for the examination.In reality, there should never be an AP Spanish speech communication class where listening is not an intrinsical component of the class itself. It is important to note that not all listening activities have to be assessed formally, but it is important that they be assessed in a variety of ways. optical Versus nonvisual Although there are many ways to present listening, it is best to separate listening comprehension activities into two categories those with a visual aid and those without.The listening activities that allow for a visual reference may be easier for many students, as they provide a frame of reference and consequently some level of comfort. utilise segments from Spanish picture, a podcast, or watching a PowerPoint presentation can function as a less backbreaking form of integrate listening into the day-by-day classes. It is full of life to fancy that these activities be varied so that students do not get too wonted(a) to a particular dialect or vocabulary base.If utilizing segments of Spanish television is part of the class routine, make sure to access differ ent programs and transmit whenever possible. Have students prelisten by presenting the title or some background on the segment, and discuss what they could expect to hear. approximately importantly, however, assess what they have heard. Assessments can range from a quick student scheme to a formative written assessment to a class discussion. The assessment piece is essential nevertheless, and 35 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 35 8/15/08 25940 PM